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Chapter 7: Problem 26

What role does \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) play in redox reactions? a. \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) , an oxidizing agent, can accept electrons and protons from organic molecules and get reduced to NADH. b. \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) , a reducing agent, can donate its electrons and protons to organic molecules. c. \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) , an oxidizing agent, can accept electrons from organic molecules and get reduced to NADH. d. \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) , a reducing agent, can donate its electrons and protons to inorganic molecules.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Option c: \(\text{NAD}^{+}\), an oxidizing agent, can accept electrons from organic molecules and get reduced to NADH.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Role of \(\text{NAD}^{+}\)

\(\text{NAD}^{+}\) (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme that plays a critical role in redox reactions. Its primary function is to work as an electron carrier.
02

Define Oxidizing Agent

An oxidizing agent is a substance that accepts electrons from another substance in a redox reaction. This means it gets reduced (gains electrons) during the process.
03

\(\text{NAD}^{+}\) as an Oxidizing Agent

\(\text{NAD}^{+}\) can accept electrons (and usually a proton) from organic molecules during cellular respiration, becoming reduced to NADH. This fits the definition of an oxidizing agent.
04

Evaluate Given Options

Review the provided options to determine which one correctly describes \(\text{NAD}^{+}\)'s role: a. \(\text{NAD}^{+}\), an oxidizing agent, accepts electrons and protons from organic molecules and gets reduced to NADH. b. \(\text{NAD}^{+}\), a reducing agent, donates its electrons and protons to organic molecules. c. \(\text{NAD}^{+}\), an oxidizing agent, accepts electrons from organic molecules and gets reduced to NADH. d. \(\text{NAD}^{+}\), a reducing agent, donates its electrons and protons to inorganic molecules.
05

Determine the Correct Answer

Since \(\text{NAD}^{+}\) functions as an oxidizing agent and accepts electrons (becoming NADH), both options a and c indicate it gets reduced to NADH. The correct option, specifying it accepts electrons (without explicitly requiring protons), is c.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

oxidizing agent
Understanding the role of an oxidizing agent is crucial in grasping redox reactions. An oxidizing agent is a substance that accepts electrons from another substance. During this process, the oxidizing agent gets reduced, meaning it gains electrons. This is a vital part of cellular metabolism.
An everyday example of an oxidizing agent is oxygen, which accepts electrons during respiration. In biological systems, many molecules can act as oxidizing agents, some specially designed to carry out specific electron transfer tasks.
electron carrier
In cellular respiration, electron carriers are essential. They transport electrons between molecules, facilitating energy production. NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a key electron carrier in these processes.
NAD+ works by accepting electrons (and usually a proton) from organic molecules, transforming into its reduced form, NADH. This acceptance of electrons is a redox reaction where NAD+ serves as an oxidizing agent.
  • Organic molecules donate electrons to NAD+.
  • NAD+ becomes NADH after gaining electrons.
  • NADH then carries these electrons to the next part of the respiration cycle, typically the electron transport chain.

This role of NAD+ is critical for the proper function of cellular respiration and energy production.
NADH reduction
Reduction of NAD+, forming NADH, is a central reaction in cellular metabolism. When NAD+ acts as an oxidizing agent, it accepts electrons (and protons) from an organic molecule, becoming reduced in the process, forming NADH.
  • During glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NAD+ accepts electrons and becomes NADH.
  • NADH then enters the electron transport chain where it donates electrons, becoming oxidized back to NAD+.
  • This cycle of reduction and oxidation is fundamental in harvesting energy from nutrients.

Understanding this process is key to appreciating how cells generate ATP, the primary energy currency. By accepting electrons, NAD+ allows cells to efficiently manage and utilize energy derived from food.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What is beta-oxidation? a. the main process used to break down glucose b. the main process used to assemble glucose c. the main process used to break down fatty acids d. the main process used to break down fatty acids from amino acids

Where in a cell does glycolysis take place in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. the cytosol b. the mitochondria c. the plasma membrane d. the nucleus

E. coli are enteric (gut-dwelling) facultative anaerobic bacteria. (Facultative anaerobes can grow either with or without free oxygen. Obligatory anaerobes grow only in the absence of free oxygen.) Researchers planned to grow cultures of \(E .\) coli under a range of conditions to model the transition from strictly anaerobic to aerobic respiration. The oxygen content of atmospheres at constant total pressure will be controlled by volumes of nitrogen and oxygen gases. Ratios of volume, \(r=\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{O}_{2}} / \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{N}_{2}}\) between 0 and 0.25 of shaken growth flasks can be measured in terms of optical density, which is the percent of transmission of light through a sample of the growing \(E\) . coli culture. A rule of thumb is that the range of strict anaerobes is when r \(<0.01,\) and the boundary for aerobic respiration is when \(\mathrm{r}\) \(=0.05 .\) A large number of flasks that can be constantly shaken at fixed temperature, and from which samples can be taken without atmospheric contamination, are available for this study. These results of the experiment will be used to infer growth rates of \(E\) . coli along the entire 7.5 \(\mathrm{m}\) length of the average human intestine (small intestine and large intestine), where the oxygen content varies from atmospheric to anaerobic conditions. The retention time of food in the small intestine, whose average length is \(2.5 \mathrm{m},\) is approximately four hours. The retention time of food over the entire length of the intestine is between 24 and 72 hours. A. Describe and apply a mathematical model that can be used to represent the variation of oxygen environments of a bacterium that is being transported with the food along the length of the intestine. B. Design the experimental sampling times in terms of growth intervals of interest in this study: i) the time when the bacteria is passing the small-large intestine boundary; ii) the time when the bacteria reaches the end of the large intestine; and iii) the time when the bacterium reaches facultative anaerobic conditions, r \(<0.05 .\)C. C. Sketch a graph that predicts the distribution of aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligatory anaerobic bacteria along the length of the entire intestine based on these parameters. Keep in mind that anaerobes have a lower respiration rate.

How many NADH molecules are produced on each turn of the citric acid cycle? a. one b. two c. three d. four

Combustion of carbohydrates, like in a fireplace, is a reduction-oxidation reaction in which the carbon atom is oxidized and the oxygen atom is reduced, producing water and carbon dioxide. Oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are also reduction-oxidation reactions that produce the same products. Explain the differences and similarities among these abiotic and biotic processes in terms of the changes in entropy and heat that contribute to the free energy extracted from chemical bonds, the spontaneity of each, and the role of catalysis.
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