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Chapter 7: Problem 2

What happens when a chemical is reduced during a reaction? a. The compound is reduced to a simpler form. b. An electron is added to the chemical. c. A hydrogen atom is removed from the substrate. d. acts as a catabolic reaction

Short Answer

Expert verified
An electron is added to the chemical.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Concept of Reduction

Reduction refers to a chemical reaction where a molecule gains electrons. This is often associated with the gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen.
02

Analyze Each Option

Let's break down and analyze the given options:
03

Option A Analysis

Option A states that the compound is reduced to a simpler form. This does not necessarily define the process of reduction as it does not involve electrons.
04

Option B Analysis

Option B states that an electron is added to the chemical. This matches the definition of reduction, as gaining electrons is a key part of the process.
05

Option C Analysis

Option C states that a hydrogen atom is removed from the substrate. This actually describes oxidation rather than reduction.
06

Option D Analysis

Option D states that it acts as a catabolic reaction. Catabolism involves the breakdown of complex molecules, which is not specific to reduction.
07

Identify the Correct Answer

Based on the analysis, the option that correctly describes reduction, where a molecule gains an electron, is Option B.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Electron Gain
In a reduction reaction, a molecule or atom gains electrons. This process is crucial in many chemical reactions and is the opposite of oxidation, where electrons are lost.
Understanding electron gain helps explain many natural and industrial processes. For example:
  • When metals like copper rust, they undergo oxidation-reduction reactions.
  • In batteries, electron transfer between chemicals generates electric power.
When a molecule gains an electron, it becomes more negatively charged. This shift in charge can change the molecule's properties and behavior.
In summary, when you hear the phrase 'electron gain,' it signifies that the molecule is undergoing reduction.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox Reactions)
Reduction is half of a process known as oxidation-reduction or redox reactions. These reactions are vital in many chemical processes, including respiration and combustion.
The term 'redox' stands for reduction (gain of electrons) and oxidation (loss of electrons). These reactions can be remembered by the mnemonic OIL RIG: 'Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.'
Redox reactions always involve two substances: one that gets oxidized and one that gets reduced. For example, when rust forms:
  1. Iron (Fe) loses electrons (gets oxidized) to form Fe虏鈦� ions.
  2. Oxygen (O鈧�) gains electrons (gets reduced) to form O虏鈦� ions.
This exchange of electrons is the essence of redox reactions, and it drives many other reactions in nature.
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions involve the transformation of one or more substances into new substances. They can be simple or complex and include a variety of processes.
Key factors that classify chemical reactions include:
  • The exchange of electrons, as seen in redox reactions.
  • The substances involved and their chemical properties.
  • Energy changes, such as heat or light.
Different types of chemical reactions include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.
Each type has unique characteristics and plays a crucial role in fields like biology, metallurgy, and environmental science.
Understanding these basics helps in grasping more complex concepts in chemistry and the role these reactions play in everyday life.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What do the electrons added to \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) . do in aerobic respiration? a. They become part of a fermentation pathway. b. They go to another pathway for ATP production. c. They energize the acetyl group in the citric acid cycle. d. They are converted to NADP.

Which of the following statements about catabolic pathways is false? a. Carbohydrates can feed into oxidative phosphorylation. b. Glycerol can be broken down into glucose and feed into glycolysis. c. Amino acids can feed into pyruvate oxidation. d. Fatty acids can feed into the citric acid cycle.

What role does \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) play in redox reactions? a. \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) , an oxidizing agent, can accept electrons and protons from organic molecules and get reduced to NADH. b. \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) , a reducing agent, can donate its electrons and protons to organic molecules. c. \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) , an oxidizing agent, can accept electrons from organic molecules and get reduced to NADH. d. \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) , a reducing agent, can donate its electrons and protons to inorganic molecules.

What three steps are included in the breakdown of pyruvate? a. Pyruvate dehydrogenase removes a carboxyl group from pyruvate producing carbon dioxide. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase oxidizes a hydroxyethyl group to an acetyl group, producing NADH. Lastly, an enzyme-bound acetyl group is transferred to CoA, producing a molecule of acetyl-CoA. b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase oxidizes hydroxyethyl group to an acetyl group, producing NADH. It further removes a carboxyl group from pyruvate producing carbon dioxide. Lastly, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase transfers enzyme-bound acetyl group to CoA forming an acetyl-CoA molecule. c. Pyruvate dehydrogenase transfers enzymebound acetyl group to CoA forming an acetyl CoA molecule. It then oxidizes a hydroxyethyl group to an acetyl group, producing NADH. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase removes a carboxyl group from pyruvate producing carbon dioxide. d. Pyruvate dehydrogenase removes carboxyl group from pyruvate producing carbon dioxide. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase transfers enzymebound acetyl groups to CoA forming an acetylCoA molecule. Lastly, a hydroxyethyl group is oxidized to an acetyl group, producing NADH.

White snakeroot is a plant that contains chemicals that deactivate the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. Humans who consume milk from cows or goats that eat white snakeroot can become ill. Symptoms of milk poisoning include vomiting, abdominal pain, and tremors, which become worse after exercise. Beyond childhood, most people do not express the enzyme lactase that catalyzes the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose. Consumption of milk can produce symptoms similar to those of milk poisoning. After a period of consumption of dairy foods, though, prebiotic adaptation (changes in the microbes in the intestine) imparts lactose tolerance. Since dairy foods are a valuable source of calcium, proteins, and vitamin D, considerable research has been conducted to characterize adaptation. Explain the similarities and differences between the effect of milk poisoning by white snakeroot and lactose intolerance, and the possibility of prebiotic adaptation for each.
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