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Chapter 7: Problem 2

What happens when a chemical is reduced during a reaction? a. The compound is reduced to a simpler form. b. An electron is added to the chemical. c. A hydrogen atom is removed from the substrate. d. acts as a catabolic reaction

Short Answer

Expert verified
An electron is added to the chemical.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Concept of Reduction

Reduction refers to a chemical reaction where a molecule gains electrons. This is often associated with the gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen.
02

Analyze Each Option

Let's break down and analyze the given options:
03

Option A Analysis

Option A states that the compound is reduced to a simpler form. This does not necessarily define the process of reduction as it does not involve electrons.
04

Option B Analysis

Option B states that an electron is added to the chemical. This matches the definition of reduction, as gaining electrons is a key part of the process.
05

Option C Analysis

Option C states that a hydrogen atom is removed from the substrate. This actually describes oxidation rather than reduction.
06

Option D Analysis

Option D states that it acts as a catabolic reaction. Catabolism involves the breakdown of complex molecules, which is not specific to reduction.
07

Identify the Correct Answer

Based on the analysis, the option that correctly describes reduction, where a molecule gains an electron, is Option B.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Electron Gain
In a reduction reaction, a molecule or atom gains electrons. This process is crucial in many chemical reactions and is the opposite of oxidation, where electrons are lost.
Understanding electron gain helps explain many natural and industrial processes. For example:
  • When metals like copper rust, they undergo oxidation-reduction reactions.
  • In batteries, electron transfer between chemicals generates electric power.
When a molecule gains an electron, it becomes more negatively charged. This shift in charge can change the molecule's properties and behavior.
In summary, when you hear the phrase 'electron gain,' it signifies that the molecule is undergoing reduction.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox Reactions)
Reduction is half of a process known as oxidation-reduction or redox reactions. These reactions are vital in many chemical processes, including respiration and combustion.
The term 'redox' stands for reduction (gain of electrons) and oxidation (loss of electrons). These reactions can be remembered by the mnemonic OIL RIG: 'Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.'
Redox reactions always involve two substances: one that gets oxidized and one that gets reduced. For example, when rust forms:
  1. Iron (Fe) loses electrons (gets oxidized) to form Fe虏鈦� ions.
  2. Oxygen (O鈧�) gains electrons (gets reduced) to form O虏鈦� ions.
This exchange of electrons is the essence of redox reactions, and it drives many other reactions in nature.
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions involve the transformation of one or more substances into new substances. They can be simple or complex and include a variety of processes.
Key factors that classify chemical reactions include:
  • The exchange of electrons, as seen in redox reactions.
  • The substances involved and their chemical properties.
  • Energy changes, such as heat or light.
Different types of chemical reactions include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.
Each type has unique characteristics and plays a crucial role in fields like biology, metallurgy, and environmental science.
Understanding these basics helps in grasping more complex concepts in chemistry and the role these reactions play in everyday life.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

How many ATP molecules are used and produced per molecule of glucose during glycolysis? a. The first half of glycolysis uses 2 ATPs, and the second half of glycolysis produces 4 ATPs. b. The first half of glycolysis produces 2 ATPs, and the second half of glycolysis uses 4 ATPs. c. The first half of glycolysis uses 4 ATPs, and the second half of glycolysis produces 2 ATPs. d. The first half of glycolysis produces 4 ATPS, and the second half of glycolysis uses 2 ATPs.

Which molecules are produced in glycolysis and used in fermentation? a. acetyl-CoA and NADH b. lactate, ATP, and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) c. glucose, ATP, and \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) d. pyruvate and \(\mathrm{NADH}\)

In the first step of glycolysis, what is glucose transformed into? a. glucose----phosphate b. fructose- \(1,6\) -bisphosphate c. dihydroxyacetone phosphate d. phosphoenolpyruvate

What accounts for the different number of ATP molecules that are formed through cellular respiration? a. Transport of NADH from cytosol to mitochondria is an active process that decreases the number of ATP produced. b. The ATPs produced are utilized in the anaplerotic reactions that are used for the replenishment of the intermediates. c. Most of the ATP鈥檚 produced are rapidly used for the phosphorylation of certain compounds found in plants. d. A large number of ATP molecules are used in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds produced during cellular respiration.

A. [Extension] Living systems require free energy to carry out cellular functions, and employ various strategies to capture, use, and store free energy. Explain the advantage that the higher energy efficiency per kg of the Krebs cycle provides to you compared to a metabolism based on glycolysis alone. Your explanation should make use of all the following facts: \(\bullet\)\triangle \mathrm{G}\( for glycolysis is \)-135 \mathrm{kJ}\( per mole of glucose \)\bullet\( \triangle G\) for aerobic respiration is - 2880 \(\mathrm{kJ}\) per mole glucose \(\bullet\) the basal metabolic rate of mammals is often represented as \(-300 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{day} \cdot \mathrm{m}^{0.75}\) \(\bullet\) the molar mass of glucose is 180 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mole}\) B. Explain the bioenergetic difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of the difference between free-energy production and power. Your explanation should make use of all the following facts: \(\cdot\) power is the rate of free-energy production \(\cdot\) cancer cells derive most of their free energy from glycolysis \(\cdot\) enzymes of the citric acid (Kreb's) cycle form coordinate complexes on the cytoskeleton within the mitochondria C. The life cycle of the human parasite Trypanosoma brucei is divided between the body of the tsetse fly and the human blood stream. The parasite causes 鈥渟leeping sickness鈥� in Sub-Saharan Africa. Within the human bloodstream, the parasite depends on glycolysis, with enzymes compartmentalized in a membrane-bound organelle called the glycosome. In the insect host, the parasite utilizes glycolysis as well as substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. Explain the advantage of a life cycle in the human host that employs anaerobic respiration with a rate of free-energy production that is enhanced by compartmentalization in the glycosome and a life cycle in the insect host that is aerobic. D. Predict the advantages of a biological system that uses both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Your prediction should make use of all the following facts: \(\cdot\) signaling can be used to detect low-oxygen environments and to regulate response \(\cdot\) some cells, such as muscle and blood cells, must function in both low- and high-oxygen environments \(\cdot\) glycolysis is reversible \(\cdot\) the citric acid cycle is not reversible \(\cdot\) thermoregulation is needed for homeostasis
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