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Chapter 6: Problem 49

It has been accepted that life on the Earth started out as single celled, simple organisms, which then evolved into complex organisms. How did evolution proceed to produce such a wide variety of living organisms from a simple ancestor? a. Prokaryotes produced the fungi, then the protists which then branches to plants and animals. b. Protists evolved first, then the prokaryotes, which branched into the fungi, plants, and animals c. Prokaryotes produced the protists, which branched into the fungi, plants, and animals. d. Prokaryotes produced the protists, then the fungi, which branched into the plants and animals.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Correct answer is c: Prokaryotes produced the protists, which branched into the fungi, plants, and animals.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the question

The question asks how evolution proceeded from simple single-celled organisms to a wide variety of complex living organisms.
02

Recall the basics of evolutionary biology

Evolution began with simple prokaryotic cells. Over time, these prokaryotes evolved and gave rise to more complex cells, known as eukaryotes (protists are a type of eukaryote).
03

Identify the evolutionary order

Understand that prokaryotes evolved first. These prokaryotes eventually led to the development of eukaryotic cells (protists). The eukaryotic cells then diversified into different kingdoms, including fungi, plants, and animals.
04

Analyze the given choices

Choice a: Prokaryotes produced the fungi, then the protists which branched to plants and animals. This is incorrect because protoists came before fungi. Choice b: Protists evolved first, then the prokaryotes, which branched into the fungi, plants, and animals. This is incorrect because prokaryotes evolved before protists. Choice c: Prokaryotes produced the protists, which branched into the fungi, plants, and animals. This is correct. Choice d: Prokaryotes produced the protists, then the fungi, which branched into the plants and animals. This is partially correct but incorrectly places fungi as branching directly from protists before plants and animals.
05

Select the correct answer

Based on the analysis, choice c correctly describes the evolutionary pathway: Prokaryotes produced the protists, which branched into the fungi, plants, and animals.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes were the first form of life on Earth. They are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes. These characteristics make prokaryotes very simple and primitive. Despite their simplicity, prokaryotes are incredibly resilient and can survive in extreme environments, from hot springs to radioactive waste. There are two main domains of prokaryotes:
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
Both are vastly different in terms of their genetic makeup and metabolism. They played a crucial role in the early days of evolutionary biology, acting as a foundation for more complex life forms.
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are more complex cells that evolved from prokaryotes. They have a defined nucleus that houses their DNA and various organelles that perform specific functions. This internal complexity allows eukaryotes to undertake more diverse and sophisticated activities than prokaryotes. Here are some key features of eukaryotes:
  • Defined Nucleus: Contains genetic material.
  • Organelles: Includes mitochondria for energy, chloroplasts for photosynthesis in plants, and more.
  • Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support and facilitates movement.
Eukaryotes include many microorganisms classified as protists, as well as multicellular organisms like fungi, plants, and animals. This group represents a significant milestone in the evolution of life due to their complex structure and versatility.
Kingdom Diversity
The evolution from simple prokaryotes to complex eukaryotic cells eventually led to the emergence of different biological kingdoms. These kingdoms are categorized based on their unique characteristics and evolutionary lineage. Some of the main kingdoms include:
  • Protists: Diverse group mostly consisting of single-celled organisms like amoebae and algae.
  • Fungi: Organisms that play a role in decomposition and nutrient cycling, including molds, yeasts, and mushrooms.
  • Plants: Multicellular organisms capable of photosynthesis, providing the basis for most food chains.
  • Animals: Multicellular organisms that rely on other organisms for food; includes everything from insects to mammals.
This kingdom diversity is a testament to the incredible adaptability and complexity of life forms that emerged from simple origins. Understanding these categories helps us appreciate how varied life on Earth has become due to evolutionary processes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What part of ATP is broken to release energy for use in chemical reactions? a. the adenosine molecule b. the bond between the first and second phosphates c. the bond between the first phosphate and the adenosine molecule d.the bond between the second and third phosphates

If glucose is broken down through aerobic respiration, a number of ATP can be made from the energy extracted. How many ATP are possible? a. 2 to 4 b. 36 to 38 c. 10 to 12 d. 24 to 30

How do chemical reactions play a role in energy transfer? a. Energy from the breakdown of glucose and other molecules in animals is released as ATP, which transfer energy to other reactions. b. Energy from the breakdown of glucose and other molecules in animals is released in the form of NADP, which transfers energy to other reactions. c. Energy is released in the form of glucose from the breakdown of ATP molecules. These ATP molecules transfer energy from one reaction to other. d. Energy is released in the form of water from the breakdown of glucose. These molecules transfer energy from one reaction to other.

Consider a pendulum swinging. Which type(s) of energy is/are associated with the pendulum in the following instances: 1\. the moment at which it completes one cycle, just before it begins to fall back towards the other end 2\. the moment that it is in the middle between the two ends 3\. just before it reaches the end of one cycle (before step 1\()\) a. \(1 .\) potential and kinetic 2\. potential and kinetic 3\. kinetic b. \(1 .\) potential 2\. potential and kinetic 3\. potential and kinetic C. \(1 .\) potential 2\. kinetic 3\. potential and kinetic d. \(1 .\) potential and kinetic 2\. kinetic 3\. kinetic

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of free energy coupling. The free energy derived from exergonic ATP hydrolysis is used to pump sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane. The hydrolysis of one ATP molecule releases 7.3 kcal/mol of free energy \((\Delta G=-7.3\) kcal/mol). If it takes 2.1 kcal/mol of free energy to move one \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\) across the membrane \((\Delta G=+2.1\) kcal/mol) how many sodium ions could be moved by the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule? Show your calculations to provide reasoning for your answer.
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