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Chapter 5: Problem 15

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport? a. Primary active transport is indirectly dependent on ATP, while secondary active transport is directly dependent on ATP. b. Primary active transport is directly dependent on ATP, while secondary active transport is indirectly dependent on ATP. c. Primary active transport does not require ATP, while secondary active transport is indirectly dependent on ATP. d. Primary active transport is indirectly dependent on ATP, while secondary active transport does not require ATP

Short Answer

Expert verified
Option (b) is correct.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the definitions

Primary active transport is the process of moving molecules across a cell membrane using energy directly from ATP. This means it depends directly on ATP. Secondary active transport uses the energy from the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport, meaning it relies indirectly on ATP.
02

Analyze each option

Look at each given option to determine if it correctly describes the dependency on ATP for both primary and secondary active transport based on the definitions.
03

Evaluate Option (a)

Option (a) states that primary active transport is indirectly dependent on ATP and secondary active transport is directly dependent on ATP. This conflicts with the definitions.
04

Evaluate Option (b)

Option (b) states that primary active transport is directly dependent on ATP and secondary active transport is indirectly dependent on ATP. This matches the provided definitions.
05

Evaluate Option (c)

Option (c) states that primary active transport does not require ATP and secondary active transport is indirectly dependent on ATP. This is incorrect because primary active transport does require ATP.
06

Evaluate Option (d)

Option (d) states that primary active transport is indirectly dependent on ATP and secondary active transport does not require ATP. This is incorrect because secondary active transport still indirectly relies on ATP.
07

Choose the best option

Based on the analysis, the correct answer is option (b), which accurately reflects the dependency on ATP for both primary and secondary active transport.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Active Transport
Active transport is a crucial mechanism in cells. It involves the movement of molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient. Unlike passive transport, active transport requires energy. This process ensures that cells maintain the necessary balance of ions and other substances. Active transport can be further classified into two types: primary and secondary active transport. Each type differs in its method of energy utilization and the specific molecules it transports.
ATP Dependency
ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is the primary energy currency of the cell. For active transport, ATP plays a vital role. In **primary active transport**, ATP is used directly to fuel the transport process. Enzymes, like the sodium-potassium pump, break down ATP to release energy which then helps in moving molecules against the gradient. In contrast, **secondary active transport** indirectly relies on ATP. It doesn't use ATP directly. Instead, it leverages the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport.
Electrochemical Gradient
Electrochemical gradients are essential for secondary active transport. This gradient is the difference in charge and chemical concentration across the cell membrane. When primary active transport moves ions, it creates this gradient. Think of it like a battery, where potential energy is stored. Secondary active transport uses this stored energy to move other molecules. For example, the sodium-glucose cotransporter in the intestines uses the sodium gradient created by the sodium-potassium pump to import glucose into cells.
Cell Membrane Transport
The cell membrane plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. It selectively allows substances to enter or exit the cell. Active transport mechanisms, both primary and secondary, are central to this selective permeability. The membrane contains specific proteins that function as transporters or pumps. Primary active transporters use direct ATP hydrolysis. On the other hand, secondary transporters depend on the electrochemical gradients established by these primary transporters. The interplay between these transport mechanisms ensures cells have the right balance of ions, nutrients, and other vital compounds.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Why do phospholipids tend to spontaneously orient themselves into something resembling a membrane? a. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. The polar head faces towards water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails face towards other fatty acid tails. b. Phospholipids are lipophilic molecules. The polar head faces towards water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails face towards other fatty acid tails c. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. The nonpolar head faces towards other fatty acid tails and the polar fatty acid tails face towards water. d. Phospholipids are hydrophilic molecules. The polar head faces towards water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails face towards other fatty acid tails.

Which characteristic of a phospholipid increases the fluidity of the membrane? a. cholesterol b. its head c. saturated fatty acid tail d. unsaturated fatty acid tail

Choose the statement that describes processes of receptor-mediated endocytosis, exocytosis, and the changes in the membrane organization. a. Endocytosis involves the opsonization of a receptor and its ligand in clathrin-coated vesicles, along with the inward budding of the plasma membrane. In exocytosis, waste material is enveloped in a membrane that fuses with the interior of the plasma membrane via attachment proterins. b. In endocytosis, waste material is enveloped in a membrane that fuses with the interior of the plasma membrane via attachment proteins. Exocytosis involves the opsonization of the receptor and its ligand in a clathrin-coated vesicles. c. In endocytosis, waste material is enveloped in a membrane that fuses with the interior of the plasma membrane via attachment proteins. Exocytosis involves the opsonization of the receptor and its ligand in caveolae-coated vesicles. d. Endocytosis involves the opsonization of the receptor and its ligand in clathrin-coated vesicles. In exocytosis, waste material is enveloped in a membrane that fuses with the exterior of the plasma membrane via attachment proteins.

In addition to a plasma membrane, eukaryotic cell organelles, such as mitochondria, also have membranes. In which way would these membranes differ? a. The proportion of phosphate within the phospholipids will vary. b. Only certain membranes contain phospholipids. c. Only certain membranes are selectively permeable. d. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates will vary.

List four components of a plasma membrane and explain their function. a. Phospholipids: form the bilayer, Carbohydrates: help in adhesion; Cholesterol: provide flexibility; Integral proteins: form transporters; Peripheral proteins: part of the cell's recognition sites. b. Phospholipids: form the bilayer, Carbohydrates: help in adhesion; Cholesterol: form transporters; Integral proteins: provide flexibility, Peripheral proteins: part of the cell's recognition sites. c. Phospholipids: form the bilayer, Carbohydrates: part of the cell's recognition sites; Cholesterol: provide flexibility to the membrane; Integral proteins: form transporters; Intermediate filaments: help in adhesion. d. Phospholipids: form the bilayer; Carbohydrates: function as adhesion; Cholesterol: provide flexibility to the membrane, Integral proteins: form transporters; Intermediate filaments: part of the cell's recognition sites.
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