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Chapter 4: Problem 6

Which of the following observations contributed to the cell theory? a. Animal and plant cells have nuclei and organelles. b. Non-living material cannot give rise to living organisms. c. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. d. Viruses replicate.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Observations A and C contributed to the cell theory.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Question

The question asks which observation contributed to the development of the cell theory. Review the fundamentals of cell theory first.
02

Recall the Main Concepts of Cell Theory

Cell theory includes the following key concepts: 1) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2) The cell is the basic unit of life. 3) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
03

Evaluate Each Observation

For each given option, evaluate if it aligns with the main concepts of cell theory described above.
04

Option A

Animal and plant cells have nuclei and organelles. This observation supports the idea that cells are the basic unit of life and have structural complexity, consistent with cell theory.
05

Option B

Non-living material cannot give rise to living organisms. This principle relates to biogenesis but is not directly a part of cell theory.
06

Option C

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. This observation aligns with the concept that cells are a distinct, fundamental unit of life.
07

Option D

Viruses replicate. While viruses do replicate, they are not considered living cells and do not support the concept of cell theory.
08

Determine the Correct Observations

Based on the main concepts of cell theory, observe that options A and C directly support the cell theory by highlighting the fundamental properties of cells.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Basic unit of life
The cell is the basic unit of life. This means that all living things, from the tiniest bacteria to the largest animals and plants, are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest units that can carry out all the functions necessary for life. They can grow, reproduce, respond to their environment, and carry out metabolism. Each cell contains various organelles that perform specific tasks, much like how different departments in a factory contribute to its overall function.
Living organisms composed of cells
Another key principle of cell theory is that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Multicellular organisms, like humans, plants, and animals, consist of many cells that work together. Each cell in a multicellular organism can be specialized to perform different tasks. For instance, muscle cells help in movement, while nerve cells communicate signals. In contrast, single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and some algae, perform all their life functions within one cell.
Plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is a crucial component of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It acts as a barrier, protecting the cell's contents and controlling what enters and leaves the cell. Made up of a phospholipid bilayer, it is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass through while blocking others. This selective permeability ensures that the cell maintains a stable internal environment, which is essential for its survival and function.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Cells can be broadly classified into two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells, like bacteria, are simpler and do not have a nucleus. Their genetic material is found in a region called the nucleoid. On the other hand, eukaryotic cells, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists, have a nucleus that houses their genetic material. Eukaryotic cells also contain various organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, each performing specific functions. Despite these differences, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share common features, such as the plasma membrane and ribosomes, which are essential for their survival and function.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

With which cellular structure does the extracellular matrix interact? a. cytoskeleton b. nucleus c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Why is it challenging to study bacterial fossils and determine if the fossils are members of the domain archaea, rather than bacteria? a. Bacteria lack rigid structures, thus do not form fossils. b. Bacteria have rigid structures, but their fossil impression is scarce. c. Fossils of bacteria are rarely found because bacteria were not abundant in the past. d. A fossil of bacteria changes overtime due to the presence of new bacteria living on them.

Eukaryotic cells contain complex organelles that carry out their chemical reactions. Prokaryotes lack many of these complex organelles, although they have a variety of unique structures of their own. However, most prokaryotic cells can exchange nutrients with the outside environment faster than most eukaryotic cells. Why is this so? a. Most prokaryotic cells are smaller, and have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, than eukaryotic cells. b. Most prokaryotic cells are larger, and have a higher surface-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells. c. Most prokaryotic cells are smaller, and have a lower surface-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells. d. Prokaryotic cells are larger and have a lower surface-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondria are observed in plant cells that contain chloroplasts. Why do you find mitochondria in photosynthetic tissue? a. Mitochondria are not needed but are an evolutionary relic. b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts work together to use light energy to make sugars. c. Mitochondria participate in the Calvin cycle/ light independent reactions of photosynthesis. d. Mitochondria are required to break down sugars and other materials for energy.

The major role of the cell wall in bacteria is protecting the cell against changes in osmotic pressure, pressure caused by different solute concentrations in the environment. Bacterial cells swell, but do not burst, in low solute concentrations. What happens to bacterial cells if a compound that interferes with the synthesis of the cell wall is added to an environment with low solute concentrations? a. Bacterial cells will shrink due to the lack of cell wall material. b. Bacterial cells will shrink in size. c. Bacterial cells may burst due to the influx of water. d. Bacterial cells remain normal; they have alternative pathways to synthesize cell walls
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