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Chapter 38: Problem 22

The choice of using a mitochondrial gene for barcoding of genes depends on ________. a. the fact that suitable primers for sequencing are not available for nuclear genes b. Any gene can be used. c. the slow rate of evolution in mitochondrial genes d. that there is less variability between individuals of a same species than between individuals of different species

Short Answer

Expert verified
d. that there is less variability between individuals of a same species than between individuals of different species

Step by step solution

01

Understand the concept of gene barcoding

Gene barcoding is a method used to identify species using a short genetic marker from an organism's DNA. Typically, mitochondrial genes are often used in this process.
02

Recall the properties of mitochondrial genes

Mitochondrial genes have certain characteristics that make them suitable for gene barcoding, such as a higher mutation rate, maternal inheritance, and less recombination. These properties contribute to detectable differences between species.
03

Analyze option a

Option a states that suitable primers for sequencing are not available for nuclear genes. This is not the primary reason mitochondrial genes are chosen.
04

Analyze option b

Option b suggests any gene can be used, which is not true. Specific genes are chosen for their unique properties.
05

Analyze option c

Option c states the slow rate of evolution in mitochondrial genes. However, mitochondrial genes actually evolve relatively quickly compared to nuclear genes.
06

Analyze option d

Option d states that there is less variability between individuals of a same species than between individuals of different species. This is the key reason mitochondrial genes are used, as it helps differentiate between species while maintaining similarity within a species.
07

Conclusion

Based on the analysis, the most accurate answer is option d.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Mitochondrial Genes
Mitochondrial genes are found in the mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell. Unlike nuclear genes, which are located in the cell nucleus, mitochondrial genes are inherited maternally. This means they pass from mother to offspring without recombination with the father's genes. This inheritance pattern makes mitochondrial genes less variable within a species but significantly different across species.
This high mutation rate, combined with maternal inheritance and limited recombination, means mitochondrial genes are often used in gene barcoding. Gene barcoding involves identifying species by analyzing short genetic markers in their DNA. Mitochondrial genes are highly effective for this because their properties lead to clear distinctions between species, assisting in accurate identification.
Species Identification
Species identification is the process of correctly categorizing organisms based on their genetic makeup. It is crucial for biological research, conservation efforts, and understanding biodiversity. Barcoding of genes, particularly using mitochondrial genes, plays a vital role in this process. By comparing the genetic sequences of different organisms, scientists can determine if they belong to the same or different species.
The aim is to find a genetic marker that differentiates between species while showing less variation within a species. Mitochondrial genes fit this requirement well. Their fast evolution rate and unique inheritance pattern create distinct genetic differences between species, allowing accurate identification with simple genetic tools.
Genetic Markers
Genetic markers are specific sequences in DNA that can be used to identify individuals or species and track inheritance. They are crucial in various fields like genetics, evolution, and diagnostics. When selecting a genetic marker for species identification, scientists seek specific characteristics:
  • Highly variable between species
  • Low variability within a species
  • Ease of amplification and sequencing
Mitochondrial genes meet these criteria, making them excellent genetic markers for barcoding. Their high mutation rates and maternal inheritance contribute to significant differences between species, aiding in species identification. This makes them invaluable in studies requiring accurate differentiation between closely related organisms.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Explain how the increase in human population and resource use causes increased extinction rates by altering ecosystems. a. Human population growth leads to unsustainable resource use, habitat destruction, and the unsustainable fishing and hunting of wild animal populations. All these incidences results in a slow evolutionary rate of formation of new species. b. Human population growth leads to unsustainable resource use, habitat destruction, and the unsustainable fishing and hunting of wild animal populations. Climate change also occurs due to excessive use of fossil fuels. c. Human population growth leads to unsustainable resource use, habitat destruction, and unsustainable fishing and hunting of wild animal populations. Excessive use of fossil fuels is leading to reduced populations of fish species. d. Human population growth leads to unsustainable resource use, habitat destruction, and unsustainable fishing and hunting of wild animal populations. Larger human populations are also leading to decreased value of products obtained from species.

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