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Chapter 32: Problem 60

The flame cells of a protonephridia filter waste materials out of the blood, or hemolymph, of invertebrates. What would this be most similar to, in function, in the human excretory system? a. the ascending loop of henle b. the descending loop of henle c. the distal convoluted tubule d. Bowman's capsule

Short Answer

Expert verified
d. Bowman's capsule

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Protonephridia

Protonephridia are found in certain invertebrates and are responsible for filtering waste materials from the organism's body fluids, such as blood or hemolymph.
02

Identifying the Analogous Human Structure

In the human excretory system, we need to identify the structure that filters waste from blood.
03

Comparing Structures

Consider each of the given options and their functions: a. The ascending loop of Henle primarily deals with the reabsorption of ions and water balance. b. The descending loop of Henle is involved in water reabsorption. c. The distal convoluted tubule focuses on ion exchange and water balance. d. Bowman's capsule is where blood filtration first occurs in the nephron.
04

Selecting the Correct Answer

The function of filtering waste materials out of blood in humans is most similar to the function of Bowman's capsule.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

invertebrate excretory system
Invertebrates have various specialized structures for waste removal, tailored to their specific environments and bodily needs.
One common type is the protonephridia, seen in flatworms and some other simple organisms.
  • Protonephridia consists of a network of tubules ending in flame cells.
  • Flame cells contain cilia that move to create currents, helping filter and expel waste materials from the body fluids like hemolymph.
These structures enable even simple organisms to maintain internal balance by effectively removing metabolic wastes from their bodies.
Comparing this to human systems helps us understand the diverse ways life has evolved to solve similar biological problems.
human excretory system
The human excretory system is a complex network aiming to remove waste, balance electrolytes, and maintain fluid homeostasis.
It mainly involves the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
  • Kidneys filter blood to create urine, which carries waste products out of the body.
  • Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
  • The bladder stores urine until excretion through the urethra.
Each part of this system works harmoniously to ensure efficient waste removal, a stark contrast to the simpler invertebrate systems like protonephridia.
Bowman's capsule
Bowman's capsule is a crucial component of the nephron in the kidneys, responsible for the initial filtration of blood.
Here, it envelops a cluster of capillaries called the glomerulus.
  • Blood pressure forces water, ions, and small molecules through a filter in the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule.
  • Larger proteins and blood cells remain in the bloodstream as they are too big to pass through the filter.
This process is the first step in the formation of urine, removing waste products and excess substances from the bloodstream.
blood filtration
Blood filtration in the kidneys is an essential process for maintaining internal balance and health.
The kidneys filter approximately 180 liters of blood every day!
  • The process starts in the glomerulus, where blood pressure forces elements through the filter into Bowman's capsule.
  • Important ions and water are then reabsorbed further along the nephron, as needed by the body.
  • Waste products and excess molecules, including urea and creatinine, are not reabsorbed and are excreted in urine.
Efficient filtration and reabsorption ensure the bloodstream remains free of harmful waste substances while maintaining necessary nutrient levels.
nephron function
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, intricately designed to regulate the blood's composition.
  • It starts at Bowman's capsule, where blood filtration occurs.
  • The filtered fluid then passes through the proximal convoluted tubule, reabsorbing nutrients and water back into the bloodstream.
  • Next is the loop of Henle, crucial for concentrating urine and reclaiming water and ions.
  • The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct further refine the filtrate, managing ion exchange and water balance before forming urine.
Through precise regulation at each segment, the nephron ensures efficient waste removal and maintenance of critical internal equilibria.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In the loop of Henle, the permeability of the membrane changes. The descending limb and ascending limb are permeable to which of the following, respectively? a. solutes and water b. proteins and solutes c. water and proteins d. water and solutes

Why is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance? a. The body accumulates water within itself when excretion does not occur, which can have dire consequences. b. Excretion regulates the movement of water within the membranes, which ultimately maintains osmotic balance. c. In the absence of excretion, there is a shift in the concentrations, which disrupts osmotic balance. d. The body builds up many chemical compounds that need to be excreted to maintain homeostasis and osmotic balance.

Which toxic substance is formed by nitrogenous waste? a. chlorine b. potassium c. ammonia d. sodium

Describe the urea cycle. a. The urea cycle is the mechanism of conversion of urea to ammonia involving five intermediate steps catalyzed by five different enzymes. Of the five steps, the first two occur in the mitochondria and the last three in the cytosol. b. The urea cycle is the mechanism of conversion of ammonia to urea involving five intermediate steps catalyzed by five different enzymes. Of the five steps, the first two occur in the mitochondria and the last three in the cytosol. c. The urea cycle is the mechanism of conversion of ammonia to urea involving five intermediate steps catalyzed by five different enzymes. Of the five steps, the first two occur in the cytosol and the last three in the mitochondria. d. The urea cycle is the mechanism of conversion of ammonia to urea involving five intermediate steps all catalyzed by one enzyme. Of the five steps, the first two occur in the mitochondria and the last three in the cytosol.

Planaria are flatworms that live in fresh water. Their excretory system, or protonephridia, consists of two tubules connected to a highly branched tube system. The intake end of the tubes contain cilia that propel waste matter down the tubules and out of the body through excretory pores that open on the body surface. Cilia also draw water from the interstitial fluid, allowing for filtration. Any valuable metabolites are recovered by reabsorption. What structure in the human kidneys most closely resembles the highly branched tube system of the protonephridia, and why? a. The renal artery, because it facilitates the exchange of nutrients with the blood b. The convoluted tubule, because it facilitates the exchange of nutrients with the blood c. The glomerulus, because it facilitates filtering of the blood d. The ureter, because it facilitates filtering of the blood
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