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Chapter 32: Problem 59

The Malpighian tubules filter waste materials out of the blood, or hemolymph, of insects. There are cells lining the tubules that pump solutes (mainly ions) into the space surrounding the Malpighian tubules. If you observed a gradual increase in the solute concentration outside of the Malpighian tubules, what would you expect to happen? a. Water would be drawn out of the hemolymph within the tubule. b. Water would be drawn into the tubule. c. Ions would be drawn out of the hemolymph within the tubule. d. Ions would be drawn into the tubule.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Option a: Water would be drawn out of the hemolymph within the tubule.

Step by step solution

01

- Understand the Function of Malpighian Tubules

Malpighian tubules are involved in the excretion and osmoregulation of insects. They filter waste materials out of the blood (hemolymph) and pump solutes into the space surrounding them.
02

- Analyze the Increased Solute Concentration

Given that there is a gradual increase in solute concentration outside the Malpighian tubules, we need to consider the principle of osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
03

- Predict the Movement of Water

According to osmosis, water will move towards the area of higher solute concentration. As the solute concentration increases outside the Malpighian tubules, water will be drawn out of the hemolymph within the tubule into the surrounding space.
04

- Evaluate the Given Options

Assess the given options with the understanding that water will move out of the hemolymph due to the increased solute concentration outside the tubules. - Option a: Water would be drawn out of the hemolymph within the tubule. - Option b: Water would be drawn into the tubule. - Option c: Ions would be drawn out of the hemolymph within the tubule. - Option d: Ions would be drawn into the tubule.
05

- Select the Correct Option

Based on the above analysis, the correct option is option a: Water would be drawn out of the hemolymph within the tubule.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

excretion in insects
Insects have a unique system for excreting waste called the Malpighian tubules. These structures are responsible for filtering out waste from the hemolymph, which is the insect's equivalent of blood. The main function of Malpighian tubules is to collect the waste products and excess ions from the hemolymph and then transfer them into the gut to be excreted. This dual role in excretion and osmoregulation is essential for maintaining the insect's internal environment. By regulating ion balance and removing harmful substances, Malpighian tubules help insects survive in various environments.
osmoregulation
Osmoregulation refers to the process by which organisms maintain fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts) in their body fluids. In insects, Malpighian tubules play a key role in this process. The tubules actively pump ions like potassium and sodium into their lumen, creating an area of high solute concentration. This drives the movement of water and helps the insect regulate its internal water balance. Proper osmoregulation is crucial for an insect's survival because it ensures that cells function optimally by maintaining their shape, size, and electrical gradients.
osmosis
Osmosis is a fundamental concept in biology involving the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. Water flows from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. In the context of Malpighian tubules, when solutes are pumped outside the tubules, it creates a high solute concentration in the surrounding area. Because of osmosis, water inside the tubules moves out towards this higher solute concentration. This movement is crucial as it assists in concentrating waste materials, which can then be excreted more efficiently by the insect.
solute concentration effect
The effect of solute concentration is significant in understanding how the Malpighian tubules function. When solutes (ions like potassium and sodium) are actively transported to the space surrounding the tubules, it increases the osmotic pressure in that area. As a result, water from the hemolymph inside the tubules moves out to balance the solute concentration. This process aids in concentrating waste products for excretion. High solute concentrations outside the tubules essentially pull water out of the hemolymph, highlighting the direct relationship between solute concentration and water movement due to osmosis.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

How does the loop of Henle act as a countercurrent multiplier? a. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is water permeable, so the water flows from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid. Osmolality in the limb decreases, and it is lower inside the loop than in the interstitial fluid. As the filtrate enters the ascending limb, Na+ and Clions exit through ion channels present in the cell membrane. Further up, only sodium is passively transported out of the filtrate. b. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is water impermeable, so the water flows from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid. Osmolality in the limb increases, and it is higher inside the loop than in the interstitial fluid. As the filtrate enters the ascending limb, Na+ and Clions exit through ion channels present in the cell membrane. Further up, only sodium is passively transported out of the filtrate. c. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is water impermeable, so the water flows from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid. Osmolality in the limb increases, and it is higher inside the loop than in the interstitial fluid. As the filtrate enters the ascending limb, Na+ and Clions exit through ion channels present in the cell membrane. Further up, sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate, and chlorine ions follow. d. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is water permeable, so the water flows from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid. Osmolality in the limb increases, and it is higher inside the loop than in the interstitial fluid. As the filtrate enters the ascending limb, Na+ and Clions exit through ion channels present in the cell membrane. Further up, sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate, and chlorine ions follows.

Planaria are flatworms that live in fresh water. Their excretory system, or protonephridia, consists of two tubules connected to a highly branched tube system. The intake end of the tubes contain cilia that propel waste matter down the tubules and out of the body through excretory pores that open on the body surface. Cilia also draw water from the interstitial fluid, allowing for filtration. Any valuable metabolites are recovered by reabsorption. What structure in the human kidneys most closely resembles the excretory pores of the protonephridia, and why? a. The urethral opening, because this is where wastes leave the body b. The convoluted tubule, because this is where reabsorption and secretion occur c. The glomerulus, because this is where reabsorption and secretion occur d. The ureter, because this is where wastes leave the body.

Planaria are flatworms that live in fresh water. Their excretory system, or protonephridia, consists of two tubules connected to a highly branched tube system. The intake end of the tubes contain cilia that propel waste matter down the tubules and out of the body through excretory pores that open on the body surface. Cilia also draw water from the interstitial fluid, allowing for filtration. Any valuable metabolites are recovered by reabsorption. What structure in the human kidneys most closely resembles the highly branched tube system of the protonephridia, and why? a. The renal artery, because it facilitates the exchange of nutrients with the blood b. The convoluted tubule, because it facilitates the exchange of nutrients with the blood c. The glomerulus, because it facilitates filtering of the blood d. The ureter, because it facilitates filtering of the blood

What is the 鈥渇ight or flight鈥� response, and what is its effect on the excretory system? a. Aldosterone is the 鈥渇ight or flight鈥� that is released by the adrenal medulla under extreme stress. This hormone constricts the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. It constricts the afferent arterioles, causing the flow of blood into the nephrons to stop. b. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the 鈥渇ight or flight鈥� hormones that are released by the adrenal medulla and the nervous system, respectively, under extreme stress. These hormones constrict the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. They constrict the afferent arterioles, causing the flow of blood into the nephrons to stop. c. ADH is the 鈥渇ight or flight鈥� hormone that is released by the adrenal medulla under extreme stress. This hormone constricts the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. It constricts the efferent arterioles, causing the flow of blood into the nephrons to stop. d. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the 鈥渇ight or flight鈥� hormones that are released by the adrenal medulla and the nervous system, respectively, under extreme stress. These hormones constrict the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. They constrict the efferent arterioles, causing the flow of blood into the nephrons to stop.

Patients with kidney illnesses use dialysis machines to remove harmful urea from their blood. The blood is separated from a solution, called the dialysate, that is designed to remove wastes by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. How does the concentration of solutes likely differ between the upper component of the dialyzer and the lower compartment, containing the fresh dialysate, for the dialysis to successfully remove wastes from the blood? a. In the upper component, the dialysate has a higher solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to diffuse to the lower dialysate down its concentration gradient. b. In the upper component, the dialysate has a lower solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to be separated via active transport down the concentration gradient. c. In the upper component, the dialysate has a higher solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to utilize facilitated diffusion in order to diffuse to the lower dialysate. d. In the upper component, the dialysate has a lower solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to diffuse to the lower dialysate down its concentration gradient.
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