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Chapter 32: Problem 48

Patients with kidney illnesses use dialysis machines to remove harmful urea from their blood. The blood is separated from a solution, called the dialysate, that is designed to remove wastes by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. The semipermeable membrane is likely permeable to _____ and impermeable to _____. a. red blood cells, urea b. dialysate, blood plasma c. blood plasma, urea d. urea, red blood cells

Short Answer

Expert verified
d. urea, red blood cells

Step by step solution

01

- Understand the Function of Dialysis

Dialysis uses a semipermeable membrane to filter out waste products like urea from the blood.
02

- Determine the Permeable Substance

Since urea is a waste product that needs to be removed from the blood, the semipermeable membrane must allow urea to pass through.
03

- Determine the Impermeable Substance

Important components of blood, such as red blood cells, should not pass through the membrane to avoid contamination of the dialysate.
04

- Match with the Given Options

Compare the substances from the previous steps with the given options to find the correct answer.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

semipermeable membrane
In dialysis, a semipermeable membrane plays a crucial role. This special membrane selectively allows certain substances to pass through while blocking others.
The goal is to filter out waste products from the blood effectively.
For example, in the case of urea, a waste product, the semipermeable membrane is designed to let these small molecules pass through into the dialysate, where they are washed away.
On the other hand, larger molecules and essential components like red blood cells and proteins cannot pass through the membrane, preserving the necessary components in the blood.
urea removal
A major function of dialysis is the removal of urea, a waste product formed in the liver when protein is metabolized.
When the kidneys fail, urea can build up in the blood and become toxic.
During dialysis, the semipermeable membrane allows urea to move from the blood into the dialysate.
This process is driven by diffusion, where urea moves from an area of higher concentration (the blood) to an area of lower concentration (the dialysate).
Thus, dialysis effectively cleans the blood by mimicking the natural filtration process of healthy kidneys.
blood filtration
Dialysis machines are designed to filter the blood, much like natural kidneys do.
Blood flows through the dialyzer, where it is exposed to the semipermeable membrane.
Waste products like urea diffuse across the membrane into the dialysate.
Meanwhile, important blood components are retained in the blood.
This complex filtration is crucial for maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in patients with kidney failure, ensuring that only harmful wastes are removed while preserving essential substances.
red blood cells
Red blood cells are vital components of the blood responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body.
In dialysis, it is essential to keep red blood cells intact and in the bloodstream.
The semipermeable membrane in the dialysis machine is impermeable to red blood cells, meaning they cannot pass through.
This ensures that the removal of waste does not deplete the body's supply of these crucial cells, preventing any loss of their function during the dialysis process.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which of the following is a function of the kidney? a. osmoregulation b. excretion of solid waste c. production of oxygen d. reabsorption of all nutrients

How do contractile vacuoles work as excretory systems in microorganisms? a. Contractile vacuoles excrete excess water and waste by the process of endocytosis, in which these vacuoles merge with cell membrane and expel wastes into the environment. b. Contractile vacuoles excrete uric acid by the process of exocytosis, in which water as well as uric acid is excreted by contraction of a cell when the vacuole merges with the cell membrane. c. Contractile vacuoles excrete excess water and uric acid by the process of endocytosis when the vacuole merges with the cell membrane. d. Contractile vacuoles excrete excess water and waste by the process of exocytosis, in which the vacuoles merge with the cell membrane and expel wastes into the environment.

What is the difference between an osmoregulator and an osmoconformer? a. Osmoregulators can change the osmotic pressure of their body fluids, while osmoconformers cannot. b. Osmoconformers can change the osmotic pressure of their body fluids, while osmoregulators cannot. c. Osmoregulators match the osmotic pressure of their cells with that of the environment, while osmoconformers do not. d. Osmoconformers match the osmotic pressure of their cells with that of the environment, while osmoregulators do not.

The Malpighian tubules filter waste materials out of the blood, or hemolymph, of insects. There are cells lining the tubules that pump solutes (mainly ions) into the space surrounding the Malpighian tubules. If you observed a gradual increase in the solute concentration outside of the Malpighian tubules, what would you expect to happen? a. Water would be drawn out of the hemolymph within the tubule. b. Water would be drawn into the tubule. c. Ions would be drawn out of the hemolymph within the tubule. d. Ions would be drawn into the tubule.

Which hormone elicits the 鈥渇ight or flight鈥� response, and under which circumstance is it released? a. anti-diuretic hormone, presence of alcohol in the blood b. atrial natriuretic peptide, high blood pressure c. aldosterone, low water content in the blood d. epinephrine, extreme stress
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