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Chapter 32: Problem 22
Which water-insoluble compound is similar to purines found in nucleic acids and tends to form a white paste or powder? a. urea b. guanine c. ammonia d. uric acid
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Patients with kidney illnesses use dialysis machines to remove harmful urea from their blood. The blood is separated from a solution, called the dialysate, that is designed to remove wastes by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. How does the concentration of solutes likely differ between the upper component of the dialyzer and the lower compartment, containing the fresh dialysate, for the dialysis to successfully remove wastes from the blood? a. In the upper component, the dialysate has a higher solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to diffuse to the lower dialysate down its concentration gradient. b. In the upper component, the dialysate has a lower solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to be separated via active transport down the concentration gradient. c. In the upper component, the dialysate has a higher solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to utilize facilitated diffusion in order to diffuse to the lower dialysate. d. In the upper component, the dialysate has a lower solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to diffuse to the lower dialysate down its concentration gradient.
An organism is excreting ions in its urine. What is likely the current tonicity of the organism鈥檚 cells, and why? a. hypotonicity due to too much solute in its body fluids b. hypertonicity due to less solute in its body fluids c. hypertonicity due to too much solute in its body fluids d. hypotonicity due to less solute in its body fluids
What is the structure of the nephron? a. The nephron consists of three parts: the glomerulus, the renal tubule, and the associated capillary network originating from the cortical radiate arteries. b. The nephron consists of three parts: the renal corpuscle, the Bowman鈥檚 capsule, and the associated capillary network originating from the cortical radiate arteries. c. The nephron consists of three parts: the renal corpuscle, the renal tubule, and the associated capillary network originating from the segmental renal artery. d. The nephron consists of three parts: the renal corpuscle, the renal tubule, and the associated capillary network originating from the cortical radiate arteries.
How do hormones regulate blood pressure, blood volume, and kidney function? a. Different regions of the liver have specialized cells that respond to chemical messengers and hormones like epinephrine, renin, aldosterone, ADH, and ANP. These regulate the needs of the body and communication between different organ systems. b. Different regions of the nephrons have specialized cells that respond to chemical messengers and hormones like epinephrine, renin, aldosterone, ADH, and ANP. These regulate the rate of respiration and communication between the different organ systems. c. Different regions of the kidneys have specialized cells that respond to chemical messengers and hormones like epinephrine, renin, aldosterone, ADH, and ANP. These regulate the rate of respiration and communication between the different organ systems. d. Different regions of the nephrons have specialized cells that respond to chemical messengers and hormones like epinephrine, renin, aldosterone, ADH, and ANP. These regulate the needs of the body and communication between the different organ systems.
How does the loop of Henle act as a countercurrent multiplier? a. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is water permeable, so the water flows from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid. Osmolality in the limb decreases, and it is lower inside the loop than in the interstitial fluid. As the filtrate enters the ascending limb, Na+ and Clions exit through ion channels present in the cell membrane. Further up, only sodium is passively transported out of the filtrate. b. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is water impermeable, so the water flows from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid. Osmolality in the limb increases, and it is higher inside the loop than in the interstitial fluid. As the filtrate enters the ascending limb, Na+ and Clions exit through ion channels present in the cell membrane. Further up, only sodium is passively transported out of the filtrate. c. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is water impermeable, so the water flows from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid. Osmolality in the limb increases, and it is higher inside the loop than in the interstitial fluid. As the filtrate enters the ascending limb, Na+ and Clions exit through ion channels present in the cell membrane. Further up, sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate, and chlorine ions follow. d. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is water permeable, so the water flows from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid. Osmolality in the limb increases, and it is higher inside the loop than in the interstitial fluid. As the filtrate enters the ascending limb, Na+ and Clions exit through ion channels present in the cell membrane. Further up, sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate, and chlorine ions follows.
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