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Chapter 22: Problem 73

How does resistance spread in bacteria? a. By undergoing genetic recombination through conjugation, transduction, and transformation. b. By undergoing reproduction through binary fission. c. By undergoing genetic recombination through conjugation and transformation only. d. Reproduction among bacteria through any mechanism results in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Correct answer is A. It includes conjugation, transduction, and transformation.

Step by step solution

01

- Understanding the Question

Determine what the question is asking. It is focused on understanding how antibiotic resistance genes spread in bacterial populations.
02

- Analyze Each Option

Break down each provided option to see if it correctly describes the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance can spread in bacteria.
03

- Option A

Option A talks about genetic recombination through conjugation, transduction, and transformation. These are known mechanisms by which bacteria can acquire new genes, including those for antibiotic resistance.
04

- Option B

Option B describes binary fission, which is simply the process by which bacteria reproduce. This does not inherently spread antibiotic resistance genes unless those genes have already been incorporated into the bacterial genome.
05

- Option C

Option C mentions genetic recombination through conjugation and transformation only. While these processes are correct, it omits transduction, which also plays a significant role in spreading antibiotic resistance.
06

- Option D

Option D suggests any reproductive mechanism can spread antibiotic resistance genes. This is misleading because not all forms of bacterial reproduction inherently spread these genes unless they are already present.
07

- Conclusion

Based on the analysis, the most inclusive and accurate option is A, as it correctly lists all three main processes 鈥� conjugation, transduction, and transformation 鈥� that contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

genetic recombination
Genetic recombination is a fundamental process in bacteria that involves the exchange of genetic material. This exchange allows bacteria to acquire new traits, including antibiotic resistance. During genetic recombination, fragments of DNA from different sources come together to form new genetic combinations. These new combinations can lead to variations that might better survive adverse conditions, like the presence of antibiotics.
There are three primary mechanisms of genetic recombination in bacteria: conjugation, transduction, and transformation.
Let鈥檚 explore these mechanisms one by one.
conjugation
Conjugation is a type of genetic recombination where two bacteria come into direct contact. This process involves the transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell through a structure called a pilus.
Here's how it works:
  • The donor cell forms a pilus, a bridge-like structure, that connects to the recipient cell.
  • Genetic material, often a plasmid containing resistance genes, is transferred through the pilus.
  • The recipient cell incorporates the new genetic material, gaining new traits like antibiotic resistance.

Conjugation is an efficient way for bacteria to spread antibiotic resistance quickly within populations.
transduction
Transduction is another mechanism of genetic recombination in bacteria mediated by viruses known as bacteriophages. These viruses infect bacterial cells, transferring genes between them.
The process of transduction involves:
  • A bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, incorporating some of the host DNA into its viral particles.
  • When the bacteriophage infects a new bacterial cell, it injects this DNA into the new host.
  • The recipient bacterial cell integrates this foreign DNA into its genome, potentially including antibiotic resistance genes.

Transduction enables the movement of genes across different bacterial species, spreading resistance widely.
transformation
Transformation refers to the uptake of free DNA from the environment by a bacterial cell. This DNA can come from lysed (broken down) cells that have released their genetic material.
The transformation process includes:
  • A bacterial cell encounters free DNA in its environment.
  • The cell takes up this DNA through its cell membrane.
  • Once inside, the new DNA is incorporated into the bacterial genome or exists as plasmids, potentially conveying antibiotic resistance.

Transformation allows bacteria to adapt swiftly to environmental changes, including the presence of antibiotics, by adopting beneficial genes from their surroundings.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which statement about bioremediation is false? a. It includes removing agricultural chemicals. b. It includes removing industrial by-products. c. It includes cleaning up oil spills. d. It includes cleaning up ammonia in soil.

A nonpathogenic bacterium acquires resistance to antibiotics. Which of the following scenarios describing how this strain could pose a health risk to people is false? a. Genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred from the nonpathogenic bacterium to a pathogenic bacterium via transduction. b. Genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred from the nonpathogenic bacterium to a pathogenic bacterium via transformation. c. Genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred from the nonpathogenic bacterium to a pathogenic bacterium via conjugation. d. Genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred from the nonpathogenic bacterium to a pathogenic bacterium via binary fission.

Gram-negative bacteria have an inner cytoplasmic membrane separated by a peptidoglycan layer from a second outer membrane. In addition, transport proteins called efflux pumps span this double membrane and actively eliminate chemicals such as antibiotics that pass through porins on the outer membrane. These efflux pumps can confer multi-drug resistance, a situation that is threatening human health. A. Explain how combining a drug that disrupts ATP synthesis in bacteria with antibiotics is a possible strategy for the treatment of bacterial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. ATP synthesis in prokaryotes is accomplished by a protein that connects the extracellular space to the cytoplasm. In gram-negative bacteria, the proton gradient that supplies the free energy to convert ADP into ATP is established across the inner membrane. B. Predict differences in the interactions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells with a drug molecule that successfully targets ATP synthesis and provide reasoning for your In gram-positive bacteria, ATP synthesis is accomplished by a protein that spans the single membrane and the outer cell wall. During the production of yogurt and wine, which rely on gram- positive bacteria, the pH is controlled. Sodium bicarbonate secretions from the pancreas maintain the pH of the human intestine, where many beneficial methanogens are gram-positive bacteria. C. Explain why homeostasis for gram-positive bacteria requires control of extracellular pH.

Which is an example of a relatively moderate environmental condition to which some prokaryotes are adapted and can survive as spores? a. extremely low temperature b. hypersalinity c. high doses of radiation d. normal drought

What uses organic compounds as both an energy source and as a carbon source? a. chemolithotrophs b. photoautorophs c. photoheterotrophs d. chemoorganotrophs
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