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Chapter 22: Problem 40

Describe a typical prokaryotic cell. a. It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. b. It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleus containing genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. c. It has a cell wall enclosing nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. d. It has a cell wall enclosing nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, vacuoles and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Option a is correct.

Step by step solution

01

Identify Key Traits of Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the lack of a true nucleus. Instead, they have a nucleoid region where the genetic material is found. They also possess a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
02

Examine Each Option for Accuracy

Go through each option to identify which one correctly includes these traits and excludes traits of eukaryotic cells such as the presence of mitochondria and a true nucleus.
03

Eliminate Incorrect Options

Option b is incorrect because it mentions a nucleus containing genetic material, which is a feature of eukaryotic cells. Option c mentions a nuclear membrane, which is not present in prokaryotic cells. Option d is also incorrect because it lists mitochondria and a nuclear membrane, both of which are features of eukaryotic cells.
04

Confirm the Correct Answer

Option a is correct as it accurately describes a typical prokaryotic cell: it has a cell wall enclosing the cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region with genetic material. Additionally, it may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili, and plasmids.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Cell Wall
The cell wall is a rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells. It's like a protective shield that maintains the cell's shape and provides structural support. The cell wall is composed mainly of peptidoglycan, a substance made of sugars and amino acids. This structure is crucial not only for protection but also for preventing the cell from bursting in hypotonic environments. Some prokaryotes have an additional outer layer called a capsule that offers extra protection.
Nucleoid Region
Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus. Instead, their genetic material is located in a region called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is an irregularly-shaped area within the cell where the DNA is concentrated. This region contains the cell's chromosomal DNA, which is usually a single, circular molecule. In contrast to a true nucleus, the nucleoid is not enclosed by a membrane, which allows for direct interaction between the DNA and the rest of the cell.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell is a gel-like substance found inside the cell membrane and is rich in enzymes, nutrients, and other vital molecules. It holds and supports the various components of the cell. Within the cytoplasm, you'll find ribosomes and, occasionally, storage granules or inclusion bodies. The cytoplasm facilitates various biochemical reactions necessary for the cell's survival. This includes processes like glycolysis, DNA replication, and protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the molecular machines in a prokaryotic cell responsible for protein synthesis, a process known as translation. These structures are composed of RNA and proteins and are smaller than the ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells. They read the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA (mRNA) to link amino acids together to form proteins. These proteins are crucial for the cell's structural integrity and various functional tasks. Since ribosomes are so essential, they are abundant in the cytoplasm, ensuring that the cell has a steady supply of the proteins it needs.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

68\. In an experiment, researchers grew plant seedlings in soils to which one of two strains of bacteria were added. A control group had no bacteria added to the soil. The seedlings鈥� uptake of the nutrient potassium increased dramatically in the soil with Strain 1 and decreased dramatically in the soil with Strain 2. What specific and broad inferences about the relationship between the bacteria, the seedlings, and available nutrients can you make? a. The Strain 2 bacteria increased the availability of potassium in the soil and this nutrient was needed and used by the seedlings in the soil. The Strain 1 bacteria decreased the availability of potassium in the soil. b. The soil with Strain 1 bacteria must have had more potassium in comparison to soil with Strain 2 bacteria. The seedlings took up more potassium in Soil 1 than in 2 due to this. c. The Strain 1 bacteria increased the availability of potassium in the soil and this nutrient was needed and used by the seedlings in the soil. The Strain 2 bacteria decreased the availability of potassium in the soil. d. The Strain 1 bacteria decreased the availability of potassium in the soil and this nutrient was needed and used by the seedlings in the soil. The Strain 2 bacteria increased the availability of potassium in the soil

Why is the processing of foods with prokaryotes considered an example of early biotechnology? a. Prokaryotes have been used to only make specific food products like cheese, wine, bread, beer and yogurt since before the term biotechnology was coined. b. Prokaryotes have been used to make and alter specific food products like cheese, wine, single cell proteins, beer and yogurt since before the term biotechnology was coined. c. As prokaryotes have been used to make and alter specific food products like cheese, wine, bread, beer and yogurt since before the term biotechnology was coined. d. As prokaryotes have been used to alter specific food products like cheese, wine, bread, beer and yogurt since before the term biotechnology was coined.

Why is the relationship between sustainable agriculture and nitrogen fixers called a mutualism? a. Due to agrobacterium which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants. b. Due to rhizobia, which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants. c. Due to rhizobia, which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using potassium from plants. d. Due to rhizobia, which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from a limited supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using potassium from plants.

All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have four structures in common: the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, nucleic acid, and \(\longrightarrow\) _________ a. the cell wall b. ribosomes c. the nucleus d. organelles

Pseudopeptidoglycan is a characteristic of the walls of some _______ a. eukaryotic cells b. bacterial prokaryotic cells c. archaean prokaryotic cells d. bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells
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