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Chapter 22: Problem 40

Describe a typical prokaryotic cell. a. It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. b. It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleus containing genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. c. It has a cell wall enclosing nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. d. It has a cell wall enclosing nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, vacuoles and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Option a is correct.

Step by step solution

01

Identify Key Traits of Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the lack of a true nucleus. Instead, they have a nucleoid region where the genetic material is found. They also possess a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
02

Examine Each Option for Accuracy

Go through each option to identify which one correctly includes these traits and excludes traits of eukaryotic cells such as the presence of mitochondria and a true nucleus.
03

Eliminate Incorrect Options

Option b is incorrect because it mentions a nucleus containing genetic material, which is a feature of eukaryotic cells. Option c mentions a nuclear membrane, which is not present in prokaryotic cells. Option d is also incorrect because it lists mitochondria and a nuclear membrane, both of which are features of eukaryotic cells.
04

Confirm the Correct Answer

Option a is correct as it accurately describes a typical prokaryotic cell: it has a cell wall enclosing the cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region with genetic material. Additionally, it may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili, and plasmids.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Cell Wall
The cell wall is a rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells. It's like a protective shield that maintains the cell's shape and provides structural support. The cell wall is composed mainly of peptidoglycan, a substance made of sugars and amino acids. This structure is crucial not only for protection but also for preventing the cell from bursting in hypotonic environments. Some prokaryotes have an additional outer layer called a capsule that offers extra protection.
Nucleoid Region
Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus. Instead, their genetic material is located in a region called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is an irregularly-shaped area within the cell where the DNA is concentrated. This region contains the cell's chromosomal DNA, which is usually a single, circular molecule. In contrast to a true nucleus, the nucleoid is not enclosed by a membrane, which allows for direct interaction between the DNA and the rest of the cell.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell is a gel-like substance found inside the cell membrane and is rich in enzymes, nutrients, and other vital molecules. It holds and supports the various components of the cell. Within the cytoplasm, you'll find ribosomes and, occasionally, storage granules or inclusion bodies. The cytoplasm facilitates various biochemical reactions necessary for the cell's survival. This includes processes like glycolysis, DNA replication, and protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the molecular machines in a prokaryotic cell responsible for protein synthesis, a process known as translation. These structures are composed of RNA and proteins and are smaller than the ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells. They read the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA (mRNA) to link amino acids together to form proteins. These proteins are crucial for the cell's structural integrity and various functional tasks. Since ribosomes are so essential, they are abundant in the cytoplasm, ensuring that the cell has a steady supply of the proteins it needs.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

More than 100 bacterial species live on the surface of the human body. Bacteria cover portions of human skin in concentrations of up to 8 million cells per square centimeter. In particular, human sebaceous glands support the growth of the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes, which uses oil from the glands for food. Two strains of P. acnes are associated with the development of acne on human skin, but other strains are associated with healthy skin. Which statement best describes the relationship between humans and P. acnes? a. In some cases it is commensal and in others it is parasitic. b. In some cases it is mutualistic and in others it is commensalistic. c. It is almost always parasitic. d. It is almost always mutualistic.

Which statement about diseases is false? a. An epidemic is a disease that occurs in a high number of individuals in a population at a time. b. A pandemic is a widespread, usually worldwide, epidemic. c. An endemic disease is a disease that is constantly present, usually at high incidence, in a population. d. An emerging disease is a disease that has appeared in a population for the first time.

Human intestines are home to hundreds of species of bacteria. One of these, Bacteriodes thetaiotaomicron, has the capability of digesting complex plant materials that human enzymes cannot digest. Its presence in the human guts makes a significant contribution to human metabolic processes. Which term best describes the relationship between humans and \(B\) . thetaiotaomicron? a. commensalistic b. mutualistic c. parasitic d. pathogenic

Which are more important: macronutrients or micronutrients? Explain your reasoning. a. Neither are important, as cells can survive as well as carry out essential functions without both types of nutrients. b. Micronutrients, even though they are required in lesser amounts, without them cells cannot survive and carry out functional processes. c. Macronutrients, as they are required in larger amounts by cells and thus are more essential than micronutrients. d. Neither is more important as both types of nutrients are absolutely necessary for prokaryotic cell structure and function.

Extremophiles are considered an important area for research in the development of therapeutic drugs or industrial applications. Why do you think this is so? a. Extremophiles can be altered genetically in vitro to allow them to live in extreme conditions and this capability of alteration can be used to help humans. For example, some water-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease. b. Extremophiles have specialized adaptations that allow them to live in extreme conditions. These adaptations can be mobilized to help humans. For example, some water-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease. c. Extremophiles can be altered genetically in vitro to allow them to live in extreme conditions and this capability of alteration can be used to help humans. For example, some radiation-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease. d. Extremophiles have specialized adaptations that allow them to live in extreme conditions. These adaptations can be mobilized to help humans. For example, some radiation- resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease.
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