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Chapter 18: Problem 13

Which are two primary sources of genetic variation? a. mutations and sexual reproduction b. isolation and sexual reproduction c. sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction d. migration and sexual reproduction

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. mutations and sexual reproduction

Step by step solution

01

- Understanding Genetic Variation

Genetic variation refers to the diversity in gene frequencies. It is important for the adaptability and survival of species as it enables populations to adapt to changing environments.
02

- Identify the Role of Mutations

Mutations are changes in the genetic material of an organism. They introduce new genetic information into a population, providing a source of variation.
03

- Identify the Role of Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction combines genetic material from two parents to create offspring with a mix of traits. This process shuffles genes and increases genetic variation.
04

- Evaluate Other Options

Isolation, migration, and types of reproduction also play roles in genetic variation, but their primary function is not solely the introduction of new genetic information as seen with mutations and sexual reproduction.
05

- Choose the Best Answer

Given the roles discussed, the best answer to identify two primary sources of genetic variation is mutations and sexual reproduction.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Mutations
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. They happen randomly and can introduce new genetic information into a population.

These changes might occur during DNA replication or due to environmental factors, like radiation. Here are some key points to understand about mutations:

  • **Types of Mutations**: There are different types of mutations, such as insertions, deletions, and substitutions, which all modify the genetic code in unique ways.
  • **Impact**: Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral. Beneficial mutations might improve an organism's chance of survival and reproduction.
  • **Source of Variation**: Mutations add new genetic variants to a population, which is crucial for genetic diversity.
These genetic alterations are passed on to the next generation if they occur in reproductive cells.
Overall, mutations are essential for generating the novel traits on which natural selection can act.
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a biological process where genetic material from two parents combines to produce offspring. This process is key to creating genetic variation. Here鈥檚 why sexual reproduction is crucial:

  • **Gene Shuffling**: Sexual reproduction shuffles genes during meiosis, leading to the formation of unique genetic combinations.
  • **Independent Assortment**: During meiosis, chromosomes are distributed randomly into gametes, ensuring a mix of parental traits.
  • **Recombination**: Segments of DNA are exchanged between paired chromosomes, creating new gene combinations.
These mechanisms ensure that each offspring inherits a unique set of genes, different from both parents and their siblings.
As a result, populations have a wide range of traits, which helps species to adapt and survive in changing environments.
Adaptability
Adaptability refers to the ability of a population to adjust to various environmental changes. Genetic variation plays a crucial role in this process. Here's how:

  • **Survival**: Populations with high genetic diversity are more likely to have individuals with traits that can survive environmental challenges.
  • **Evolution**: Genetic variation provides raw material for evolution, allowing natural selection to increase the frequency of beneficial traits over time.
  • **Flexibility**: Diverse genetic backgrounds mean that populations can better withstand diseases, climate changes, and other stresses.
Without genetic variation from mutations and sexual reproduction, species would struggle to adapt and evolve. Hence, genetic diversity is vital for the long-term survival of species.
In summary, adaptability supported by genetic variation ensures that populations remain resilient and capable of thriving amidst adversity.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

If a population stopped reproducing sexually, but still reproduced asexually, how would its genetic variation be affected over time? Could speciation occur in this situation? Explain your ideas. a. Genetic variation would increase and speciation would be possible b. Genetic variation would increase and speciation would not be possible. c. Genetic variation would decrease and speciation would be possible. d. Genetic variation would decrease and speciation would not be possible.

Give an example of convergent evolution and explain how it supports the theory of evolution by natural selection. a. An example of convergent evolution is the development of the same function, swimming, in organisms that live in different parts of the globe, such as Arctic beluga whales and Antarctic right whales. The fact that organisms that do not come in contact with each other have developed the same traits suggests that natural selection can produce similar adaptations in organisms who share a similar environment b. An example of convergent evolution is the set of adaptations, such as better running speed or more efficient hunting, developed by a species in response to competition with a new species that moves into the same region. The fact that a species adapts after it comes into contact with a competitor suggests that natural selection works more quickly with higher selective pressures. c. An example of convergent evolution is the development of an ancestral structure, a limb, into two different modern structures, such as a hand and a flipper. The fact that natural selection can cause a structure to develop down two different pathways due to different environmental conditions supports the theory of evolution d. An example of convergent evolution is the development of the same function, flying, in organisms that do not share a recent common ancestry, such as insects and birds. The fact that wings that allow flight have developed from very different original structures suggests that the process of natural selection can produce similar adaptations in two very different types of organisms who share a similar environment

What is unique about speciation due to adaptive radiation? a. It leads to multiple species forming from one parent species. b. It only occurs on or around island archipelagos. c. It requires a population to disperse from its parent species. d. It is a special kind of sympatric speciation.

In a hybrid zone, in addition to interacting, what else do two closely related species do? a. compete b. reproduce c. transition d. fuse

a. searching horizontal rock layers in any class of rock and trying to find those that contain the greatest number of fossils b. collecting fossils from rock layers deposited prior to the Permian period that contain some early vertebrate bones c. looking in sedimentary layers next to bodies of water in order to find marine fossils of bivalves and trilobites d. using relative dating techniques to determine the geological ages of the fossils found so they can calculate the rate of speciation of early organisms
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