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Chapter 9: Q. 11 (page 251)
What property enables the residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine to be phosphorylated?
a. They are polar.
b. They are non-polar.
c. They contain a hydroxyl group.
d. They occur more frequently in the amino acid sequence of signaling proteins.
The correct answer is option (c).
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How does PKC鈥檚 signaling role change in response to growth factor signaling versus an immune response?
a. PKC interacts directly with signaling molecules in both cascades, but only exhibits kinase activity during growth factor signaling.
b. PKC interacts directly with signaling molecules in growth factor cascades, but interacts with signaling inhibitors during immune signaling.
c. PKC amplifies growth factor cascades, but turns off immune cascades.
d. PKC is activated during growth factor cascades, but is inactivated during immune response cascades.
Endocrine signals are transmitted more slowly than paracrine signals because ___________.
a. the ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater distances
b. the target and signaling cells are close together
c. the ligands are degraded rapidly
d. the ligands don't bind to carrier proteins during transport
Which of the following statements about quorum sensing is false?
a. Autoinducer must bind to receptor to turn on transcription of genes responsible for the production of more autoinducer.
b. The receptor stays in the bacterial cell, but the autoinducer diffuses out.
c. Autoinducer can only act on a different cell: it cannot act on the cell in which it is made.
d. Autoinducer turns on genes that enable the bacteria to form a biofilm.
If a cell developed a mutation in its MAP2K1 gene (encodes the MEK protein) that prevented MEK from being recognized by phosphatases, how would the EGFR signaling cascade and the cell鈥檚 behavior change?
What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface receptors from entering the cell?
a. The molecules bind to the extracellular domain.
b. The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.
c. The molecules are attached to transport proteins that deliver them through the bloodstream to target cells.
d. The ligands are able to penetrate the membrane and directly influence gene expression upon receptor binding.
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