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After repeatedly pairing a tone with meat powder, Pavlov found that a dog will salivate when the tone is presented. Salivation to the tone is \(a(n)\): A. unconditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. conditioned response.

The phenomenon of higher-order conditioning shows that: A. only a genuine, natural UCS can be used to establish a CR. B. auditory stimuli are easier to condition than visual stimuli. C. visual stimuli are easier to condition than auditory stimuli. D. an already established CS can be used in the place of a natural UCS.

Which of the following statements is (are) true? A. Classical conditioning regulates reflexive, involuntary responses exclusively. B. Operant conditioning regulates voluntary responses exclusively. C. The distinction between the two types of conditioning is not absolute, with both types jointly and interactively governing some aspects of behavior. D. Both a and b.

A primary reinforcer has _____________ reinforcing properties; a secondary reinforcer has _____________ reinforcing properties. A. biological; acquired B. conditioned; unconditioned C. weak; potent D. immediate; delayed

The steady, rapid responding of a person playing a slot machine is an example of the pattern of responding typically generated on a ___________ schedule. A. fixed-ratio B. variable-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-interval

Positive reinforcement __________ the rate of responding; negative reinforcement ____________ the rate of responding. A. increases; decreases B. decreases; increases C. increases; increases D. decreases; decreases

Research on avoidance learning suggests that a fear response is acquired through ____________ conditioning; the avoidance response is maintained as a result of _________________ conditioning. A. classical; operant B. operant; classical C. classical; classical D. operant; operant

According to Rescorla, the strength of a conditioned response depends on: A. the number of trials in which the \(C S\) and \(U C S\) are paired. B. the number of trials in which the \(C S\) is presented alone. C. the percentage of trials in which the \(\mathrm{CS}\) and UCS are paired. D. resistance to extinction.

The link between physical punishment and subsequent aggressive behavior is probably best explained by: A. observational learning. B. noncontingent reinforcement. C. resistance to extinction. D. classical conditioning.