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Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. They often occur subconsciously and can distort the way we perceive and interpret information. One aspect of cognitive bias that directly impacts our effectiveness in problem-solving is 'functional fixedness'.

Functional fixedness, as a subset of cognitive biases, specifically narrows our ability to use objects beyond their traditional functions or roles. For example, seeing a dime solely as currency rather than as a potential screwdriver for tiny screws is a manifestation of functional fixedness. When we recognize that our brains are susceptible to these biases, we can begin to challenge them and improve our cognitive flexibility, which is crucial in a variety of real-world scenarios from innovation in the workplace to everyday life hacks.

Problem-solving is the process by which we identify solutions to obstacles or puzzles. It often involves a series of steps, such as understanding the problem, breaking it down into parts, and evaluating possible strategies for moving forward. An important hurdle in effective problem-solving is overcoming cognitive biases like functional fixedness.

This mental block can cause us to overlook simple and creative solutions because we can't see beyond a tool's most common use. Take the earlier example of the hammer and nail. By breaking free of functional fixedness, one might use a shoe, a book, or even a kitchen utensil to drive the nail, thus solving the problem. Excellent problem-solvers are those who can look at materials and situations with fresh eyes and an open mind, considering all the possibilities, rather than being constrained by conventional uses.

Flexible thinking is the mental agility required to adapt to new situations, switch strategies, and think about problems and situations in novel ways. In relation to functional fixedness, flexible thinking equips us to move beyond the obvious or habitual uses of objects and to consider a wider array of potential solutions.

To improve flexible thinking, exercises such as brainstorming sessions that encourage divergent thinking, where many possible solutions are explored, can be very helpful. Additionally, exposure to new experiences and challenges can stimulate the brain to forge new connections, leading to increased cognitive flexibility. For students and professionals alike, cultivating flexible thinking can lead to breakthroughs in problem-solving, as it allows for a more adaptable approach to challenges and innovation.