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Chapter 9: Problem 3

Jan walks into a friend's kitchen, smells bread baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking bread is a(n) a. psychological drive. b. physiological need. c. incentive. d. aroused state.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The smell of baking bread is an incentive (c).

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Concept of Incentive

An incentive is a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. It is something that can attract or lure someone to act in a certain way.
02

Analyze the Situation

In the situation, Jan walks into a kitchen, smells bread, and feels hungry. The smell of baking bread motivates Jan with a desire to eat. This shows that the smell acts as more than just a physical trigger; it creates a desire based on an external cue.
03

Evaluate Each Option

Assess each choice: - A psychological drive (a) involves internal psychological forces pushing an individual to satisfy needs, like hunger drives based on the body's needs. - A physiological need (b) refers to biological requirements for human survival, like food or water. - An incentive (c) is an external object or stimulus that motivates behavior. - An aroused state (d) involves heightened awareness or physiological activity, not necessarily induced by an external motivator.
04

Choose the Correct Answer

Considering steps 1 through 3, the smell of baking bread acts as an external motivator that drives Jan towards eating, identifying it as an incentive. Thus, the correct answer is c. incentive.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Psychological Drive
A psychological drive refers to internal forces within us that push us to engage in particular behaviors to fulfill needs. These drives originate from within, rather than being motivated by the outside world. For example:
鈥� The hunger drive compels us to seek food when our bodies indicate a need for nutrients.
鈥� The thirst drive pushes us to find water when our body signals dehydration.
It's important to note that these drives are distinct from incentives, which are external factors that motivate behavior. Psychological drives are tied to our emotions and cognitive processes, urging us to satisfy basic needs by fueling desires that come from within.
Physiological Need
Physiological needs are the body's requirements to maintain health and well-being. These needs are essential and include basic survival necessities such as:
鈥� Food: To provide energy and nutrients.
鈥� Water: To ensure proper hydration and bodily functions.
When these needs are unmet, our body sends signals to the brain, prompting an internal drive to act. Think of these needs as the body's way of saying, "I need this to function properly!" They form the foundation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, highlighting their importance in maintaining balance and health.
Aroused State
An aroused state refers to a heightened level of physiological and psychological activity. When we are aroused, our bodies and minds are more alert and prepared for action. This can be due to internal factors, like emotions or needs, or external stimuli, such as exciting events. Arousal can influence our:
鈥� Attention: Making us more focused or distracted.
鈥� Emotions: Leading to feelings such as excitement or anxiety.
It's a vital concept to understand because it affects how we perceive and react to the world. While an aroused state might not directly cause a behavior, it sets the stage for how we might respond to various situations.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

When you pick up your mail, you see a long. awaited letter from your school's financial aid office. Your breathing and heart rate in crease as you open the letter with anticipation. Yes! Your scholarship request has been approved! The two-factor theory of emotion would explain that your feelings of joy are a. a result of your increased breathing and heart rate. b. a result of the increased breathing and heart rate and your labeling of that arousal. c. causing the increased breathing and heart rate. d. unrelated to your increased breathing and heart rate.

Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some of our emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus disagreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of a. physical arousal. b. the hormone epinephrine. c. cognitive processing. d. learning.

Which of the following is true of the eating disorder bulimia nervosa? a. People with bulimia continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight. b. Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges. c. Bulimia patients often come from competitive and high-achieving families. d. If one twin is diagnosed with bulimia, the chances of the other twin's sharing the disorder are greater if they are fraternal rather than identical twins.

The James-Lange theory states that our experience of an emotion is a result of our physiological response to a stimulus; we are afraid because our heart pounds. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that the physiological response (like heart pounding) and the subjective experience of, say, fear a. are unrelated. b. occur simultaneously. c. occur in the opposite order (with feelings of fear first). d. are cognitive functions.

When people are tricked into assuming fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fearful. This result is known as the _____ effect. a. facial feedback b. culture-specific c. natural mimicry d. emotional contagion
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