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Describe causes and characteristics of family violence in the United States. Domestic violence is epidemic in the United States, occurring in one-fourth of all marriages. More than half the women who were murdered in one recent 10 -year period were murdered by a partner. Between 21 percent and 34 percent of women will be slapped, kicked, beaten, choked, or threat- Figure \(8-11\) Violent Victimization by Victim- partner. In fact, continuing, severe violence characterizes close souace Truman s Morgan, 2014. to 15 percent of all marriages in the United States. In addition, many women are victims of psychological abuse, such as verbal or emotional abuse. Domestic violence is also a worldwide problem. Estimates suggest that one in three women around the globe experience violent victimization during their lives (Walker, 1999 ; Garcia-Moreno et al., \(2005 ;\) also see Figure \(8-11\) ). In the United States, no segment of society is immune from spousal abuse. Violence occurs across social strata, races, ethnic groups, and religions. Both gay and straight partnerships can be abusive. It also occurs across genders: Although in most instances, the husband is the abuser, in about 8 percent of the cases wives physically abuse their husbands (Harway, 2000; Cameron, \(2003 ;\) Dixon \& Browne, 2003 ). Certain factors increase the likelihood of abuse. Spousal "Includes current or former spouses, boyfrerids, and girlfriends. abuse is more apt to occur in large families for whom both bindudes parents, children, and siblings.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Family violence in the United States is prevalent and cuts across all strata of society. It comprises physical and psychological abuse that affects both males and females, with males being the principal perpetrators. Its presence is felt across various socio-economic strata, races, ethnicities, religions, and sexual orientations. The likelihood of abuse increases in larger families.

Step by step solution

01

Identifying the Prevalence of Domestic Violence

Statistics clearly show that domestic violence is pervasive in the US, featuring in a quarter of all marriages, and resulting in a significant number of women being subjected to physical violence.
02

Grasping the Scope of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence takes various forms such as slapping, kicking, beating, and choking. It not only includes physical but also psychological abuse like verbal and emotional mistreatment.
03

Awareness of the Global Magnitude of Domestic Violence

This issue is not restricted to the US. It's a global issue, with approximately a third of women globally experiencing violent victimization at some point in their lives.
04

Understanding the Demographics of Abuse

No segment of society is immune to domestic violence. It is observed across different social strata, races, ethnic groups, religions, and in both homosexual and heterosexual relationships. In most instances, males are the abusers; however, in about 8% of cases, females physically abuse their partners.
05

Identifying Factors That Increase the Likelihood of Abuse

Numerous factors can contribute to the prevalence of abuse. One such factor is the size of the family, with larger families being more prone to domestic violence.

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Key Concepts

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Domestic Violence Statistics
Domestic violence is a significant issue in the United States, affecting a large portion of the population. Studies show that domestic violence happens in about 25% of marriages across the country. This means that every fourth marriage experiences some form of domestic conflict. Additionally, during a recent 10-year period, over half of the women who were murdered were killed by their partners. This alarming statistic shows the severe impact of domestic violence on women's safety.
It's essential to recognize the widespread nature of this issue. If victims understand they are not alone, they may be more willing to seek help. Furthermore, statistics highlight that 21% to 34% of women undergo physical violence, such as being slapped or choked, by their partners. Understanding these numbers can help in creating effective support systems for those affected. Domestically, there is also the presence of severe violence, which affects 15% of marriages with continuous, intense incidents. These statistics emphasize the urgent need to address and mitigate domestic violence in the United States.
Forms of Domestic Violence
Domestic violence can take many different forms, extending beyond what might immediately come to mind. It's important to understand that violence isn’t always physical. Victims might face slapping, kicking, or even choking, which are more obvious physical signs.
However, there is also psychological abuse, which can be just as damaging. This includes verbal or emotional mistreatment where one partner continuously belittles, intimidates, or attempts to control the other. Sometimes, psychological abuse can be harder to recognize, both for the victim and outsiders.
  • Physical Abuse: Involves direct physical harm or threat thereof.
  • Psychological Abuse: Encompasses emotional manipulation, coercion, and verbal aggression.
Recognizing the diversity in forms of domestic violence is crucial. By understanding that it isn't limited to just physical acts, more comprehensive support and intervention strategies can be developed.
Demographics of Domestic Violence
Domestic violence cuts across all sections of society in the United States. It affects people regardless of their social status, race, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation. This broad demographic reach means it’s an issue that cannot be pinned on one segment or community.
Interestingly, while most cases involve males as the abusers, in 8% of situations, females are the perpetrators of physical abuse. Moreover, domestic violence affects both heterosexual and homosexual relationships, pointing to its pervasive nature across different relationship types.
Being aware of these demographics helps in understanding that domestic violence is a complex social issue that needs a universal approach rather than targeting specific groups. Acknowledging its widespread impact can drive policies that protect all individuals, regardless of their background.
Factors Increasing Domestic Violence
Various factors can increase the likelihood of domestic violence in a family setting. One significant element is family size; larger families often face higher instances of domestic violence. This may be due to increased stress levels, financial strains, and the complexity of managing more interpersonal relationships.
Besides family size, other contributors include socio-economic pressures, substance abuse, and a history of family violence. Stressful life changes, like unemployment or a significant illness, can also provoke or exacerbate violence in the household.
Understanding these factors is crucial for prevention. By identifying and addressing potential triggers, both individuals and support systems can be better prepared to reduce the risk of domestic violence and intervene before situations escalate.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Explain varied perspectives on personality development during middle adulthood. Traditional views of adult personality development have suggested that people move through a fixed series of stages, each tied closely to age. These stages are related to specific crises in which an individual undergoes an intense period of questioning and psy* chological turmoil. This perspective is a feature of the normative-crisis models of personality development. Normative- crisis models see personality development as universal stages of sequential, age-related crises. For example, Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory predicts that people move through a series of stages and crises throughout their life span. Some critics suggest that normative-crisis approaches may be outmoded. They arose at a time when society had fairly rigid and uniform roles for people. Traditionally, men were expected to work and support a family; women were expected to stay at home and take care of the children. These roles played out at relatively uniform ages. Today, there is considerable variety in both the roles and the timing. Some people marry and have children at \(40 .\) Others have children and marry later. Others never marry and live with a partner of the same or opposite sex and perhaps adopt a child or forgo children altogether. In sum, social changes have called into question the normative-crisis models closely tied to age (Fugate \& Mitchell, 1997; Barnett \&c Hyde, 2001; Fraenkel, 2003).

Describe the benefits and challenges of work life in middle adulthood. For many, productivity, success, and earning power are greatest in middle age, but occupational success may become far less alluring than it once was. This is particularly true for those who have not achieved the career success they had hoped for. In such cases, family and other off-the-job interests become more important than work (Howard, \(1992 ;\) Simonton, 1997 ). WORK AND CAREERS: JOBS AT MIDLIFE The factors that make a job satisfying change during middle age. Younger adults focus on abstract and future-oriented concerns, such as the opportunity for advancement or the possibility of recognition and approval. Middle-aged employees care more about the here-and- now qualities of work. They are more concerned with pay, working conditions, and specific policies, such as how vacation time is calculated. As at previous stages of life, changes in overall job quality are associated with changes in stress levels for both men and women (Peterson \& Wilson, \(2004 ;\) Cohrs, Abele, \& Dette, 2006; Rantanen et al., 2012; Hamlet \& Herrick, 2014\()\). In general, though, the relationship between age and work is positive: The older workers are, the more overall job satisfaction they experience. This is not altogether surprising, because younger adults who are dissatisfied with their jobs will quit them and find new positions that they like better. Also, because older workers have fewer opportunities to change jobs, they may learn to live with what they have and accept that it is the best they are likely to get. Such acceptance may ultimately translate into satisfaction (Tangri, Thomas, \& Mednick, 2003).

Analyze whether personality is stable or changes over the life span. Harry Hennesey, age 53 and a vice president of an investment banking firm, says he still feels like a kid. Many middle-aged adults would agree. Although most people say they have changed a good deal since adolescence- and mostly for the better-many also perceive important similarities in basic personality traits between their present and younger selves. The degree to which personality is stable across the life span or changes as we age is a major issue of personality development in middle adulthood. Theorists such as Erikson and Levinson clearly suggest that substantial change occurs over time. Erikson's stages and Levinson's seasons describe set patterns of change. The change may be predictable and age related, but it is substantial. An impressive body of research, however, suggests that for individual traits, personality is quite stable and continuous over the life span. Developmental psychologists Paul Costa and Robert MoCrae find remarkable stability in particular traits. Eventempered 20-year-olds are even-tempered at age 75 ; affectionate 25 -year-olds become affectionate 50 -year-olds; and disorganized 26 -year-olds are still disorganized at age 60\. Similarly, self-concept at age 30 is a good indication of self-concept at age \(80 .\) In fact, traits may become more ingrained as people age (Terracciano, McCrae, \&c Costa, 2009 ; Mottus, Johnson, \& Deary, \(2012 ;\) Curtis, Windsor, \& Soubelet, \(2015 ;\) also see Figure \(8-7\) ). STABILITY AND CHANGE IN THE "BIG FIVE" PERSONALITYTRAITS Quite a bit of research has centered on the personality traits known as the "Big Five" -because they represent the five major clusters of personality characteristics. These are: \- Neuroticism, the degree to which a person is moody, anxious, and self- critical \- Extraversion, how outgoing or shy a person is \- Openness, a person's level of curiosity and interest in new experiences \- Agreeableness, how easygoing and helpful a person tends to be \- Conscientiousness, a person's tendencies to be organized and responsible

Describe typical patterns of marriage and divorce in middle adulthood. Fifty years ago, midlife was similar for most people. Men and women, married since early adulthood, were still married to each other. One hundred years ago, when life expectancy was much shorter, people in their 40 s were usually married - but not necessarily to the people they had first married. Spouses often died; people might be well into their second marriage by middle age. Today, the story is different and more varied. More people are single at midlife, having never married. Single people may live alone or with a partner. Gay and lesbian adults may have committed relationships and may be married. Among heterosexuals, some have divorced, lived alone, and then remarried. Many people's marriages end in divorce, and many families "blend" together into new households, containing children and stepchildren from previous marriages. Some couples still spend 40 to 50 years together, the bulk of those years during middle adulthood. Many experience the peak of marital satisfaction during middle age.

Describe the physical changes that affect people in middle adulthood.

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