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Chapter 5: Q110PP (page 1158)

The eyes of amphibians such as frogs have a much flatter cornea but a more strongly curved (almost spherical) lens than do the eyes of air-dwelling mammals. In mammalian eyes, the shape (and therefore the focal length) of the lens changes to enable the eye to focus at different distances. In amphibian eyes, the shape of the lens doesn鈥檛 change. Amphibians focus on objects at different distances by using specialized muscles to move the lens closer to or farther from the retina, like the focusing mechanism of a camera. In air, most frogs are near-sighted; correcting the distance vision of a typical frog in air would require contact lenses with a power of about -6.0 D .Given that frogs are nearsighted in air, which statement is most likely to be true about their vision in water? (a) They are even more nearsighted; because water has a higher index of refraction than air, a frog鈥檚 ability to focus light increases in water. (b) They are less nearsighted, because the cornea is less effective at refracting light in water than in air. (c) Their vision is no different, because only structures that are internal to the eye can affect the eye鈥檚 ability to focus. (d) The images projected on the retina are no longer inverted, because the eye in water functions as a diverging lens rather than a converging lens.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The correct answer is (b), They are less near-sighted because the cornea is less effective at refracting light in the water than in air.

Step by step solution

01

Define the refractive index.

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum and velocity in a specified medium is known as the refractive index.

02

Determine the true statement.

Since the refractive index of air is less than the refractive index of water and the refractive index of water is closer to the refractive index of the cornea of the frogs. Therefore, the vision of frogs becomes better in the water than in the air.

Hence, they are less nearsighted, because the cornea is less effective at refracting light in the water than in air.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A converging meniscus lens (see Fig.) with a refractive index of 1.52 has spherical surfaces whose radii are 7.00 cm and 4.00 cm. What is the position of the image if an object is placed 24.0 cm to the left of the lens? What is the magnification?

Herring and related fish have a brilliant silvery appearance that camouflages them while they are swimming in a sunlit ocean. The silveriness is due to plateletsattached to the surfaces of these fish. Each platelet is made up of several alternating layers of crystalline guanine 1n= 1.802 and of cytoplasm (n= 1.333, the same as water), with a guanine layer on the outside in contact with the surrounding water (Fig.). In one typical platelet, the guanine layers are 74 nm thick and the cytoplasm layers are 100 nm thick. (a) For light striking the platelet surface at normal incidence, for which vacuum wavelengths of visible light will all of the reflections R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , and R5 , shown in Fig., be approximately in phase? If white light is shone on this platelet,

what color will be most strongly reflected (see Fig. 32.4)? The surface of a herring has very many platelets side by side with layers of different thickness, so that allvisible wavelengths are reflected. (b) Explain why such a 鈥渟tack鈥� of layers is more reflective than a single layer of guanine with cytoplasm underneath. (A stack of five guanine layers separated by cytoplasm layers

reflects more than 80% of incident light at the wavelength for which it is 鈥渢uned.鈥�) (c) The color that is most strongly reflected

from a platelet depends on the angle at which it is viewed. Explain why this should be so. (You can see these changes in color by examining a herring from different angles. Most of the platelets on these fish are oriented in the same way, so that they are vertical when the fish is swimming.)

Laser light of wavelength 632.8 nm falls normally on a slit that is 0.0250 mm wide. The transmitted light is viewed on a distant screen where the intensity at the center of the central bright fringe is 8.50 W/m2. (a) Find the maximum number of totally dark fringes on the screen, assuming the screen is large enough to show them all. (b) At what angle does the dark fringe that is most distant from the center occur? (c) What is the maximum intensity of the bright fringe that occurs immediately before the dark fringe in part (b)? Approximate the angle at which this fringe occurs by assuming it is midway between the angles to the dark fringes on either side of it.

Contact Lenses. Contact lenses are placed right on the eyeball, so the distance from the eye to an object (or image) is the same as the distance from the lens to that object (or image). A certain person can see distant objects well, but his near point is 45.0 cm from his eyes instead of the usual 25.0 cm . (a) Is this person nearsighted or farsighted? (b) What type of lens (converging or diverging) is needed to correct his vision? (c) If the correcting lenses will be contact lenses, what focal length lens is needed and what is its power in diopters?

The Galilean Telescope. Figure P34.100 is a diagram of a Galilean telescope, or opera glass, with both the object and its final image at infinity. The image serves as a virtual object for the eyepiece. The final image is virtual and erect. (a) Prove that the angular magnification is M=-f1/f2. (b) A Galilean telescope is to be constructed with the same objective lens as in Exercise 34.61. What focal length should the eyepiece have if this telescope is to have the same magnitude of angular magnification as the one in Exercise 34.61? (c) Compare the lengths of the telescopes. Figure P34.100

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