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Chapter 4: Problem 9

Is it ever possible to see Mercury at midnight? Explain your answer.

Short Answer

Expert verified
No, it is not possible to see Mercury at midnight due to its position as an inner planet. It can usually be seen close to the horizon at sunrise or sunset.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the position of Mercury

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. As an inner planet, Mercury orbits within Earth鈥檚 path. As such, it always appears pretty near to the Sun from our perspective.
02

Think about the time

At midnight, Sun is on the exact opposite side of the Earth from the observer. That means, any celestial body being observed at midnight is in the direction away from the Sun.
03

Combine the information

Considering Mercury's position relative to the Sun and Earth and realizing that its apparent position in the sky is always near the Sun, one can deduce that it is not possible to observe Mercury at midnight. Mercury can usually be seen close to the horizon at sunrise or sunset.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in our Solar System. It takes only 88 Earth days for Mercury to complete one orbit around the Sun. Despite its proximity to our central star, Mercury does not have any moons or rings. This tiny, rocky planet is named after the Roman messenger god, known for speed, which is quite fitting given Mercury's swift orbit.
  • Mercury is difficult to observe because it is always near the Sun.
  • It has a very thin atmosphere, known as an exosphere, made up mostly of oxygen, sodium, and hydrogen.
  • Its surface temperature varies drastically, from -173掳C at night to 427掳C during the day.
Viewing Mercury is challenging without a telescope due to its small size and the glare of the Sun. It appears as a small, elusive dot that is best seen right after sunset or just before sunrise when twilight illuminates the sky without the overpowering presence of the Sun.
Celestial observation
Celestial observation is the practice of watching and studying celestial objects like stars, planets, and moons. It is an ancient science that has been practiced for thousands of years, helping civilizations to understand time, navigation, and even planting cycles.
When observing celestial bodies, astronomers must consider both the time of day and the observer's location on Earth. The position of the Earth in relation to other celestial bodies determines the best viewing times and visibility.
  • At midnight, the observer faces away from the Sun, towards the darker side of the planet.
  • Planets visible at midnight include Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, which are outer planets beyond Earth鈥檚 orbit.
  • Inner planets, like Mercury and Venus, are only visible shortly after sunset or before sunrise due to their orbits inside Earth's path around the Sun.
Planetary orbits
Planetary orbits are the paths planets follow as they revolve around the Sun. Each planet's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun at one of the two foci of the ellipse. The shape and orientation of these orbits explain why we can see some planets at night while others remain hidden by the Sun's glow.
Mercury and Venus, known as inner planets, have orbits inside Earth's own path around the Sun, meaning they are always observed close to the Sun.
  • Mercury's orbit is closer to the Sun than Earth's orbit, keeping it within our line of sight near the Sun at most times.
  • Because of this proximity to the Sun, these planets are not visible when the Sun is below the horizon, such as at midnight.
  • Outer planets, which orbit beyond Earth's path, can appear high in the sky away from the Sun's light, allowing them to be visible at night.
Understanding planetary orbits not only helps in celestial observation but also aids in space exploration, satellite positioning, and predicting celestial events like eclipses and transits.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What is parallax? What did Tycho Brahe conclude from his attempt to measure the parallax of a supernova and a comet?

Imagine a planet like the Earth orbiting a star with 4 times the mass of the Sun. If the semimajor axis of the planet's orbit is \(1 \mathrm{AU}\), what would be the planet's sidereal period? (Hint: Use Newton's form of Kepler's third law. Compared with the case of the Earth orbiting the Sun, by what factor has the quantity \(m_{1}+m_{2}\) changed? Has \(a\) changed? By what factor must \(P^{2}\) change?)

A satellite is said to be in a "geosynchronous" orbit if it appears always to remain over the exact same spot on the rotating Earth. (a) What is the period of this orbit? (b) At what distance from the center of the Earth must such a satellite be placed into orbit? (Hint: Use Newton's form of Kepler's third law.) (c) Explain why the orbit must be in the plane of the Earth's equator.

Which planet would you expect to exhibit the greatest variation in apparent brightness as seen from Earth? Which planet would you expect to exhibit the greatest variation in angular diameter? Explain your answers.

The synodic period of Mercury (an inferior planet) is \(115.88\) days. Calculate its sidereal period in days.
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