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Chapter 1: Problem 20

Give the word or phrase that corresponds to the following standard abbreviations: (a) \(\mathrm{km}\), (b) \(\mathrm{cm}\), (c) s, (d) \(\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}\), (e) \(\mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h}\), (f) \(\mathrm{m}\), (g) \(\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\), (h) h, (i) \(\mathrm{y}\), (j) g, (k) \(\mathrm{kg}\). Which of these are units of speed? (Hint: You may have to refer to a dictionary. All of these abbreviations should be part of your working vocabulary.)

Short Answer

Expert verified
The abbreviations \(\mathrm{km}\), \(\mathrm{cm}\), s, \(\mathrm{m}\), h, \(\mathrm{y}\), g, and \(\mathrm{kg}\) stand for Kilometer, Centimeter, Seconds, Meter, Hours, Years, Gram, and Kilogram, respectively. The abbreviations \(\mathrm{km}/s\), \(\mathrm{mi/h}\), and \(\mathrm{m}/s\) stand for Kilometer per second, Miles per Hour, and Meter per second respectively. The units of speed among these are: \(\mathrm{km}/s\), \(\mathrm{mi/h}\), and \(\mathrm{m}/s\) as they represent distance per time.

Step by step solution

01

Identify Simple Units

Identifying the simple units is the first step: \n(a) \(\mathrm{km}\) stands for Kilometer\n(b) \(\mathrm{cm}\) stands for Centimeter\n(c) s stands for Seconds\n(f) \(\mathrm{m}\) stands for Meter\n(h) h stands for Hours\n(i) \(\mathrm{y}\) stands for Years\n(j) g stands for Gram\n(k) \(\mathrm{kg}\) stands for Kilogram
02

Identify Compound Units

Next, identify the compound units, which are units made up of two or more simple units:\n(d) \(\mathrm{km}/s\) stands for Kilometer per second\n(e) \(\mathrm{mi/h}\) stands for Miles per Hour\n(g) \(\mathrm{m}/s\) stands for Meter per second
03

Identify Units of Speed

Now that we have identified all the units, the last step is to pick out the ones that represent speed. Speed is defined as distance divided by time. Therefore, the units of speed among the given abbreviations are units that represent distance per time:\n(d) Kilometers per second \(\mathrm{km}/s\)\n(e) Miles per Hour \(\mathrm{mi/h}\)\n(g) Meter per second \(\mathrm{m}/s\)

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Metric System
The metric system is a standardized system of measurement used worldwide, known for its simplicity and ease of use. It is based on multiples of ten, which makes conversions within the system painless as it often involves moving the decimal point.

Common base units in the metric system include the meter (m) for length, gram (g) for mass, and second (s) for time. These units can be converted to larger or smaller units using prefixes like kilo- (1000 times), centi- (1/100 of), and milli- (1/1000 of). For example, a kilometer (km) is 1000 meters, and a centimeter (cm) is 0.01 meters.

Understanding the metric system is crucial for students as it forms the basis of most scientific measurements and is used in nearly every country, facilitating international collaboration and communication in science and industry.
Speed Units
Speed units are crucial in expressing how quickly an object moves. In physics, speed is a fundamental concept characterized by the distance an object travels over a given amount of time. The basic unit of speed in the metric system is meters per second (m/s).

Apart from this, there are other units used to measure speed, depending on the context. For instance, kilometers per hour (km/h) is common for vehicle speeds, while miles per hour (mi/h) is used in countries that follow the Imperial system. The exercise mentioned units like kilometers per second (km/s) that can be used for higher speeds, such as in space. To improve understanding of speed units, one should practice converting between different units, for instance, using the fact that 1 m/s is equal to 3.6 km/h.
Physics Fundamentals
Physics fundamentals form the foundation for understanding natural phenomena and include concepts such as speed, force, energy, and motion. Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to how fast an object is moving and is one of the first concepts introduced in physics education.

It is essential to recognize that speed is distinct from velocity, which is a vector quantity that includes both speed and direction. Understanding units of measurement, especially the metric system and speed units, is an integral part of mastering physics fundamentals.

To fully grasp physics concepts, students should practice solving problems and visualizing scenarios. For instance, when considering the speed units from the exercise, imagine a car traveling at a certain speed or a space probe zooming through the cosmos, and think about how the choice of speed unit (m/s vs. km/h) relates to the context of the problem.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The star Altair is \(5.15\) pc from Earth. (a) What is the distance to Altair in kilometers? Use powers-of-ten notation. (b) How long does it take for light emanating from Altair to reach Earth? Give your answer in years. (Hint: You do not need to know the value of the speed of light.)

Angular measure describes how far apart two objects appear to an observer. From where you are currently sitting, estimate the angular distance between the floor and the ceiling at the front of the room you are sitting in, the angular distance between the two people sitting closest to you, and the angular size of a clock or an exit sign on the wall. Draw sketches to illustrate each answer and describe how each of your answers would change if you were standing in the very center of the room.

If your book comes with a CD-ROM, use it to install the Starry Night Enthusiast \({ }^{\mathrm{TM}}\) planetarium software on your computer and run this program to determine when the Moon is visible today from your location. You will see that the Moon can be seen in the daytime as well as at night. Note that the Time Flow Rate is set to \(1 \mathbf{x}\), indicating that time is running forward at the normal rate. Set the Time Flow Rate to 1 minute and find the time of moonset at your location. Determine which, if any, of the following planets are visible tonight: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Feel free to experiment with Starry Night Enthusiast \({ }^{\mathrm{TM}}\). Operating Hints: (1) To see the sky from your actual location on Earth, select Set Home Location ... in the File menu (on a Macintosh, this command is found under the Starry Night Enthusiast \(5.0\) menu). Click the List tab in the Home Location dialog box; then select the name of your city or town and click the Save As Home Location button. You can always return to this starting screen by clicking the Home button in the toolbar. (2) To change your viewing direction, move the mouse in the view. When the mouse cursor appears as a little hand, hold down the mouse button (on a Windows computer, the left button) and drag the mouse; this action will move the sky and change the gaze direction. (3) Use the toolbar at the top of the main window to change the time and date appropriate to the display and to adjust the time flow rate, as explained above. (4) You can use the Find ... command in the Edit menu or click the Find tab on the left side of the main view window to open the Find pane to locate specific planets or stars by name. (5) To learn about any object in the sky, point the cursor at the object. A panel of information about the chosen object will appear on the display. The position of this information panel and its content will depend upon the selected options. These options can be altered from the Preferences item in the File menu (on a Macintosh, the Preferences item is under the Starry Night Enthusiast \(5.0\) menu). Select Cursor Tracking (HUD) in the left-hand edit box in the Preferences dialog. You can then select the information to be displayed and the position of this information panel. Another way to get information about an object is to position the mouse cursor over the object in the main view window and double-click. This will open the Info side-pane which includes specific information about the chosen object under several headings. You can expand and collapse the layers beneath these headings by clicking the + or - icons to the left of the heading label ( and icons on a Macintosh). You can find further information about the program and its many modes of operation in the Starry Night Enthusiast \({ }^{\mathrm{TM}}\) manual (in Starry Night Enthusiast \({ }^{\mathrm{TM}}\), select User's Guide in the Help menu).

The average distance to the Moon is \(384,000 \mathrm{~km}\), and the Moon subtends an angle of \(1 / 2^{\circ}\). Use this information to calculate the diameter of the Moon in kilometers.

What makes the Sun and stars shine?
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