Chapter 9: Problem 31
Show that equation \((9-16)\) follows from \((9-15)\) and \((9-10)\).
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Chapter 9: Problem 31
Show that equation \((9-16)\) follows from \((9-15)\) and \((9-10)\).
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
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You have six shelves, one above the other and all above the floor, and six volumes of an encyciopedia, A. B. C. D. \(E\), and \(F\). (a) L.ist all the ways you can arrange the volumes with five on the floor and one on the sixth/top shelf. One way might be \(\mid \mathrm{ABCDE},-,-,-,-,-, \mathrm{F}\\}\) (b) List all the ways you can arrange them with four on the floor and two on the third shelf. (c) Show thal there are many more ways, relative to parts \((\mathrm{a})\) and \((\mathrm{b})\), to strange the six volumes with two on the floor and two eachon the first and second shelves. (There are several ways to answer this, but even listing them all won't take forever it's fewer than \(100 .)\) (d) Suddenly, a fantastic change! All six volumes are volume \(X\) - \(\mathrm{it}\) 's impossible to tell them apar. For each of the three distributions described in parts (a), (b), and (c). how many different (distinguishable) ways are there now? (e) If the energy you expend to lift a volume from the floor is proportional to a shelf's height, how do the total energies of distributions (a), (b), and (c) compare? (I) Use these ideas to atgue that the relative probabili. ties of occupying the lowestenergy states should be higher for hosons than for classically distinguishable particles. g) Combine these ideas with a famous principle to atgue that the relative probabilities of occupying the lowest states should be lower for fermions than for classically distinguishable particies
This problem investigates what fraction of the available chayge must he tranferred from one conductor to another to produre a typical contact potential. (a) As a rough appnximation, treat the conductors as \(10 \mathrm{~cm} \times\) \(10 \mathrm{c} \mathrm{m}\) square plates \(2 \mathrm{~cm}\) apart - a parallel-plate capactor \(-\) so that \(q=C V\), where \(C=\varepsilon_{\mathrm{p}}\left(0.01 \mathrm{~m}^{2} / 0.02 \mathrm{~m}\right)\). How much charge must be iransferred from one plate to the other to produce a potential difference of \(2 \mathrm{~V}\) ? (b) Approximately what fruction would this be of the total number of conduction electrons in a \(100 \mathrm{~g}\) piece of copper, which has one conduction electron per atem?
Consider a system of two identical objects heading straight toward each other. What would qualify and whit would disqualify the system as a thermodynamic system, and how, if at all. Would this relate to the elasticity of the collision'?
Equation \((9-27)\) gives the density of states for a system of oscillators but ignores spin. The result, simply one state per energy change of \(\hbar \omega_{0}\) between levels. is incorrect if particles are allowed diff erent spin states at each level. but modification to include spin is easy. From Chapter 8 , we know that a particle of spin s is allowed \(2 s+1\) spin orientations, so the number of states at each level is simply multiplied by this factor. Thus, $$ D(E)=(2 s+1) / \hbar \omega_{0} $$ (a) Using this density of states, the definition $$ \begin{array}{l} \text { Nheud }(2 s+1)=\delta, \text { and } \\ \qquad N=\int_{0}^{\infty} \mathcal{N}(E) D(E) d E \end{array} $$ calculate the parameter \(B\) in the Boltzmann distribution \((9-31)\) and show that the distribution can thus be tewritten as $$ \mathcal{N}(E)_{\text {Bolu }}=\frac{\varepsilon}{k_{\mathrm{B}} T} \frac{1}{e^{E / \mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{B}} T}} $$ (b) Algue that if \(k_{\mathrm{B}} T \gg \delta\), the occupation number is much less than I for all \(E\).
Consider a gas of atoms that might serve as a laser medium but that is in equilibrium, with no population inversions. A photon gas coexists with the atoms. Would a photon whose energy is precisely the difference between two atomic energy states be more likely to be absorbed or to induce a stimulated emission or neither? We expect that in equilibrium the numbers of atoms at different levels and the number of photons of a given energy should be stable. Is your answer compatible?
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