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Chapter 6: Problem 20

List four major differences between deformation by twinning and deformation by slip relative to mechanism, conditions of occurrence, and final result.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: 1. In twinning, deformation occurs through an abrupt change and symmetrical arrangement of atoms across a defined plane, while in slip, gradual translations along specific planes take place. 2. Twinning typically occurs under high stress or strain rates and low temperatures, whereas slip occurs at low-stress conditions, high temperatures, and slow applied strain rates. 3. Twinning is more prevalent in brittle materials such as metals with hcp or bcc structures, while slip is more common in ductile materials with a large number of available slip systems. 4. Deformation by twinning results in a twin boundary, affecting material strength, ductility, and toughness, whereas deformation by slip maintains the lattice orientation and can cause surface roughness and reduced material strength.

Step by step solution

01

1: Mechanism of deformation by twinning

In the deformation by twinning, the crystal lattice structure undergoes a sudden change, leading to a symmetrical arrangement of atoms across a defined plane. The atoms on the twin plane change their positions with respect to one another in a coordinated manner, resulting in a new, mirrored lattice orientation.
02

2: Mechanism of deformation by slip

In the deformation by slip, the crystal lattice structure undergoes gradual and incremental translations along specific planes known as slip planes. The atoms move along these planes in a linear trajectory, which eventually causes the lattice to deform. In contrast to twinning, the atoms don't undergo any abrupt or coordinated rearrangement in slip deformation.
03

3: Conditions of occurrence for twinning

Deformation by twinning typically occurs under high stress or strain rates and low temperatures. It is more prevalent in brittle materials such as metals with a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) or body-centered cubic (bcc) structure and some minerals and polymers that have limited slip systems available.
04

4: Conditions of occurrence for slip

Deformation by slip is common in materials with a large number of available slip systems, such as face-centered cubic (fcc) metals and ductile materials. Slip deformation generally occurs at low-stress conditions, high temperatures, and slow applied strain rates, which allow the atoms to slide past each other without significant resistance.
05

5: Final result of deformation by twinning

Deformation by twinning usually results in a well-defined twin boundary, which is visible under an optical microscope or through transmission electron microscopy. This can have implications on the macroscopic properties of the material, such as enhancing its strength, ductility, and toughness.
06

6: Final result of deformation by slip

After deformation by slip, the material's lattice structure maintains its overall orientation, although it becomes distorted due to the translation of the atoms along the slip planes. The slip steps formed on the surface of the material during deformation can cause it to appear rough. The overall strength and ductility of the material may be reduced due to the dislocations generated during slip deformation.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Consider a single crystal of some hypothetical metal that has the BCC crystal structure and is oriented such that a tensile stress is applied along a [121] direction. If slip occurs on a (101) plane and in a [111] direction, compute the stress at which the crystal yields if its critical resolved shear stress is \(2.4 \mathrm{MPa}\).

For a brass alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is \(345 \mathrm{MPa}\) (50,000 psi), and the modulus of elasticity is \(103 \mathrm{GPa}\left(15.0 \times 10^{6}\right.\) psi). (a) What is the maximum load that can be applied to a specimen with a cross- sectional area of \(130 \mathrm{~mm}^{2}\left(0.2 \mathrm{in}{ }^{2}\right.\) ) without plastic deformation? (b) If the original specimen length is \(76 \mathrm{~mm}\) (3.0 in.), what is the maximum length to which it can be stretched without causing plastic deformation?

Two previously undeformed cylindrical specimens of an alloy are to be strain hardened by reducing their cross-sectional areas (while maintaining their circular cross sections). For one specimen, the initial and deformed radii are 15 and \(12 \mathrm{~mm}\), respectively. The second specimen, with an initial radius of \(11 \mathrm{~mm}\), must have the same deformed hardness as the first specimen; compute the second specimen's radius after deformation

A cylindrical specimen of steel having a diameter of \(15.2 \mathrm{~mm}(0.60 \mathrm{in} .)\) and length of 250 \(\mathrm{mm}(10.0 \mathrm{in} .)\) is deformed elastically in tension with a force of \(48,900 \mathrm{~N}\left(11,000 \mathrm{lb}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)\). Using the data contained in Table \(6.1\), determine the following: (a) The amount by which this specimen will elongate in the direction of the applied stress. (b) The change in diameter of the specimen. Will the diameter increase or decrease?

Briefly explain why HCP metals are typically more brittle than \(\mathrm{FCC}\) and \(\mathrm{BCC}\) metals.
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