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Chapter 6: Problem 56

Upon what three criteria are factors of safety based?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: The three main criteria for factors of safety in engineering systems are material strength, load magnitude and variability, and consequences of failure. Material strength is important for understanding a material's ability to withstand stress or load without failure, while load magnitude and variability account for uncertainties in the loads that a system will experience during its service life. Consequences of failure help determine the necessary safety margins for different systems, prioritizing critical applications where failure could result in loss of life or significant damage. These criteria are crucial for minimizing the risk of system failure and ensuring the safety and reliability of engineering systems.

Step by step solution

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1. Material Strength

The first criterion is material strength. Material strength refers to the ability of a material to withstand an applied stress or load without failure. The factor of safety for material strength considers any uncertainties in determining the actual strength of the material and accounts for possible imperfections, such as defects in manufacturing or other sources of variability in the material's performance. It is essential to know and understand the material's strength so that it can be designed and used safely within its capabilities.
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2. Load Magnitude and Variability

The second criterion is the magnitude and variability of the loads that the engineering system will be subjected to during its service life. These loads can be static (constant over time) or dynamic (changing over time), and their magnitude can be uncertain due to factors such as manufacturing tolerances or variations in the environment. The factor of safety for load magnitude and variability accounts for these uncertainties and ensures that the system is designed to handle the range of possible loads it may experience.
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3. Consequences of Failure

The third criterion is the consequences of failure. The consequences of failure vary depending on the specific application and can range from minor inconveniences to catastrophic events, resulting in loss of life or significant property damage. The factor of safety accounts for the potential consequences of failure by requiring higher safety margins for systems where the consequences of failure are more severe. This helps ensure that the risk of failure is minimized, particularly in critical applications where lives may depend on the system's performance.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Demonstrate that Equation \(6.16\), the expression defining true strain, may also be represented by $$ \epsilon_{T}=\ln \left(\frac{A_{0}}{A_{i}}\right) $$ when specimen volume remains constant during deformation. Which of these two expressions is more valid during necking? Why?

A cylindrical metal specimen having an original diameter of \(12.8 \mathrm{~mm}(0.505\) in.) and gauge length of \(50.80 \mathrm{~mm}(2.000 \mathrm{in} .)\) is pulled in tension until fracture occurs. The diameter at the point of fracture is \(6.60 \mathrm{~mm}(0.260 \mathrm{in} .)\), and the fractured gauge length is \(72.14 \mathrm{~mm}\) (2.840 in.). Calculate the ductility in terms of percent reduction in area and percent elongation.

A cylindrical rod of copper \((E=110 \mathrm{GPa}\), \(16 \times 10^{6}\) psi) having a yield strength of 240 MPa ( \(35,000 \mathrm{psi})\) is to be subjected to a load of \(6660 \mathrm{~N}\left(1500 \mathrm{lb}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)\). If the length of the rod is \(380 \mathrm{~mm}\) (15.0 in.), what must be the diameter to allow an elongation of \(0.50 \mathrm{~mm}\) \((0.020 \mathrm{in} .)\) ?

For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is \(275 \mathrm{MPa}\) (40,000 psi), and the modulus of elasticity is \(115 \mathrm{GPa}\) \(\left(16.7 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{psi}\right) .\) (a) What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with a cross- sectional area of \(325 \mathrm{~mm}^{2}\left(0.5 \mathrm{in} .^{2}\right)\) without plastic deformation? (b) If the original specimen length is \(115 \mathrm{~mm}\) (4.5 in.), what is the maximum length to which it may be stretched without causing plastic deformation?

A cylindrical specimen of an alloy \(8 \mathrm{~mm}\) (0.31 in.) in diameter is stressed elastically in tension. A force of \(15,700 \mathrm{~N}\) (3530 lb_{f } \()\) produces a reduction in specimen diameter of \(5 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~mm}\left(2 \times 10^{-4}\right.\) in.). Compute Poisson's ratio for this material if its modulus of elasticity is \(140 \mathrm{GPa}\left(20.3 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{psi}\right)\).
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