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Chapter 5: Problem 1

Briefly explain the difference between selfdiffusion and interdiffusion.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: The key difference between self-diffusion and inter-diffusion lies in the substances involved. In self-diffusion, particles move within a single substance, whereas in interdiffusion, particles move between two different substances. Furthermore, self-diffusion is caused by the random thermal motion of particles, while interdiffusion is driven by concentration gradients between the two substances.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of Self-diffusion

Self-diffusion is the movement of individual atoms, ions, or molecules within a single substance, without any net direction. This process occurs due to the random thermal motion of the particles within the substance. For example, in a block of pure metal, self-diffusion occurs as the atoms within the metal move randomly from one lattice site to another.
02

Definition of Interdiffusion

In contrast, interdiffusion refers to the movement of atoms, ions, or molecules between two different substances or phases, resulting in the mixing of their components. This process takes place at the interface between the two substances and is driven by the difference in concentration of the components. An example of interdiffusion is the spreading of two gases in contact with each other, leading to a homogeneous mixture.
03

Key Difference

The key difference between self-diffusion and inter-diffusion lies in the substances involved. In self-diffusion, particles move within a single substance, whereas in interdiffusion, particles move between two different substances. Furthermore, self-diffusion is caused by the random thermal motion of particles, while interdiffusion is driven by concentration gradients between the two substances.
04

Example of Self-diffusion

Considering a glass of water, self-diffusion occurs as the water molecules move randomly within the body of the water. Their motion does not result in any net change in the water, i.e., the water remains uniform and undisturbed.
05

Example of Interdiffusion

When a drop of ink is added to the glass of water, interdiffusion occurs as the ink molecules move and mix with the water molecules, resulting in a gradual spreading of the ink throughout the glass. This process eventually leads to a homogeneous mixture of ink and water.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The purification of hydrogen gas by diffusion through a palladium sheet was discussed in Section 5.3. Compute the number of kilograms of hydrogen that pass per hour through a 5-mm-thick sheet of palladium having an area of \(0.20 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\) at \(500^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Assume a diffusion coefficient of \(1.0 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{s}\), that the concentrations at the high- and low-pressure sides of the plate are \(2.4\) and \(0.6 \mathrm{~kg}\) of hydrogen per cubic meter of palladium, and that steady-state conditions have been attained.

Briefly explain the concept of steady state as it applies to diffusion.

Nitrogen from a gaseous phase is to be dif? fused into pure iron at \(700^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). If the surface concentration is maintained at \(0.1 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{~N}\) what will be the concentration \(1 \mathrm{~mm}\) from the surface after \(10 \mathrm{~h}\) ? The diffusion coefficient for nitrogen in iron at \(700^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(2.5 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{s}\).

An FCC iron-carbon alloy initially containing \(0.35 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{C}\) is exposed to an oxygen-rich and virtually carbon-free atmosphere at \(1400 \mathrm{~K}\) (1127 \(\left.^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\). Under these circumstances the carbon diffuses from the alloy and reacts at the surface, with the oxygen in the atmosphere; that is, the carbon concentration at the surface position is maintained essentially at \(0 \mathrm{wt} \%\) C. (This process of carbon depletion is termed decarburization.) At what position will the carbon concentration be \(0.15 \mathrm{wt} \%\) after a 10 -h treatment? The value of \(D\) at \(1400 \mathrm{~K}\) is \(6.9 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{s}\).

(a) Compare interstitial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion. (b) Cite two reasons why interstitial diffusion is normally more rapid than vacancy diffusion.
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