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Chapter 20: Problem 27

Briefly explain the manner in which information is stored magnetically.

Short Answer

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Answer: Information is stored magnetically by using magnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, to convert electrical energy into magnetic energy. This is done by aligning magnetic domains within the magnetic material using an external magnetic field created by a write head. Once the domains are magnetized, a read head can then detect changes in the magnetic field to read the stored information. Examples of magnetic storage devices include magnetic tapes, hard disk drives (HDDs), and magnetic stripe cards (e.g., credit cards and ID cards).

Step by step solution

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1. Magnetic Materials

Information can be stored using magnetic materials, which have the ability to convert electrical energy into magnetic energy. These materials are divided into two categories - hard magnetic materials (retain magnetization after being magnetized) and soft magnetic materials (lose magnetization easily). Examples of magnetic materials include iron, nickel, and cobalt.
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2. Magnetic Domains

A magnetic domain is a region within a magnetic material where all the atomic magnetic moments are aligned in the same direction. In an unmagnetized material, these domains are randomly oriented, canceling out the overall magnetic field. Once a strong external magnetic field is applied, the magnetic moments align in the direction of the field, and the material becomes magnetized.
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3. Process of Magnetization

The process of magnetization involves aligning the magnetic domains in a magnetic material using an external magnetic field. When an electric current passes through a write head (an electromagnet), it creates a magnetic field, causing the magnetic domains in the magnetic material to align in a particular direction. By controlling the direction and strength of the magnetic field, we can store information as a pattern of magnetized domains.
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4. Reading the Stored Information

To read the information stored magnetically, a read head (usually a magnetoresistive sensor) is used to detect the changes in magnetic field caused by the magnetized domains. This change in magnetic field induces a voltage in the read head. The induced voltage represents the stored information and can be converted back into an electrical signal for further processing.
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5. Examples of Magnetic Storage Devices

There are various devices that utilize magnetic storage for information. Some examples include magnetic tapes, hard disk drives (HDDs), and magnetic stripe cards (such as credit cards and ID cards). These devices rely on the properties of magnetic materials to store and retrieve the information in a reliable and efficient manner.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

There is associated with each atom in paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials a net magnetic moment. Explain why ferromagnetic materials can be permanently magnetized whereas paramagnetic ones cannot.

The magnetic flux density within a bar of some material is \(0.435\) tesla at an \(H\) field of \(3.44 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~A} / \mathrm{m}\). Compute the following for this material: (a) the magnetic permeability and (b) the magnetic susceptibility. (c) What type(s) of magnetism would you suggest is (are) being displayed by this material? Why?

Cite the primary limitation of the new superconducting materials that have relatively high critical temperatures.

It is possible to express the magnetic susceptibility \(\chi_{m}\) in several different units. For the discussion of this chapter, \(\chi_{m}\) was used to designate the volume susceptibility in SI units, that is, the quantity that gives the magnetization per unit volume \(\left(\mathrm{m}^{3}\right)\) of material when multiplied by \(H\). The mass susceptibility \(\chi_{m}(\mathrm{~kg})\) yields the magnetic moment (or magnetization) per kilogram of material when multiplied by \(H ;\) similarly, the atomic susceptibility \(\chi_{m}\) (a) gives the magnetization per kilogram-mole. The latter two quantities are related to \(\chi_{m}\) through the relationships $$ \begin{aligned} &\chi_{m}=\chi_{m}(\mathrm{~kg}) \times \text { mass density (in } \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3} \text { ) } \\ &\left.\chi_{m}(\mathrm{a})=\chi_{m}(\mathrm{~kg}) \times \text { atomic weight (in } \mathrm{kg}\right) \end{aligned} $$ When using the cgs-emu system, comparable parameters exist, which may be designated by \(\chi_{m}^{\prime}, \chi_{m}^{\prime}(\mathrm{g})\), and \(\chi_{m}^{\prime}(\mathrm{a})\); the \(\chi_{m}\) and \(\chi_{m}^{\prime}\) are related in accordance with Table 20.1. From Table \(20.2, \chi_{m}\) for silver is \(-2.38 \times 10^{-5}\); convert this value into the other five susceptibilities

Compute (a) the saturation magnetization and (b) the saturation flux density for cobalt, which has a net magnetic moment per atom of \(1.72\) Bohr magnetons and a density of \(8.90 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\)
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