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Chapter 13: Problem 2

(a) What is crystallization? (b) Cite two properties that may be improved by crystallization.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: Crystallization can improve the purity and mechanical properties of a substance. It enhances purity by causing solute molecules to interact with each other and form crystals, leaving impurities behind in the solvent, while it improves mechanical properties by creating a regular and stable crystal lattice structure that results in increased strength, rigidity, and resistance to deformation or wear.

Step by step solution

01

Defining Crystallization

Crystallization is a process in which a solid is formed from a solution by forming a crystalline structure. This occurs when the solution becomes saturated with the dissolved substance, causing it to precipitate and solidify into an ordered structure with a distinct geometry. This process is commonly used in chemistry or material science to purify a substance or improve its properties.
02

Property 1: Improved Purity

One property that can be improved by crystallization is the purity of the substance. When a solution becomes saturated, the solute molecules or ions are more likely to interact with each other and form crystals rather than interact with the solvent molecules. Since impurities usually have a different structure than the desired substance, they don't fit well into the growing crystal lattice. As a result, they are left behind in the solvent, leading to a purer solid.
03

Property 2: Enhanced Mechanical Properties

Another property that can be improved by crystallization is the mechanical properties of the material, such as its strength, hardness, and toughness. When a substance forms crystals, the regular arrangement and strong intermolecular or ionic bonds within the crystal lattice provide a more stable structure, resulting in greater strength and rigidity. Furthermore, crystallization can improve a material's resistance to deformation, fracture, or wear, thus enhancing its overall mechanical performance.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

For many viscous materials, the viscosity \(\eta\) may be defined in terms of the expression $$ \eta=\frac{\sigma}{d \epsilon / d t} $$ where \(\sigma\) and \(d \epsilon / d t\) are, respectively, the tensile stress and the strain rate. A cylindrical specimen of a soda-lime glass of diameter 5 \(\mathrm{mm}(0.2\) in.) and length \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) (4 in.) is subjected to a tensile force of \(1 \mathrm{~N}\left(0.224 \mathrm{lb}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)\) along its axis. If its deformation is to be less than \(1 \mathrm{~mm}(0.04\) in.) over a week's time, using Figure 13.7, determine the maximum temperature to which the specimen may be heated.

Soda and lime are added to a glass batch in the form of soda ash \(\left(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\right)\) and limestone \(\left(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}\right)\). During heating, these two ingredients decompose to give off carbon dioxide \(\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)\), the resulting products being soda and lime. Compute the weight of soda ash and limestone that must be added to \(100 \mathrm{lb}_{\mathrm{m}}\) of quartz \(\left(\mathrm{SiO}_{2}\right.\) ) to yield a glass of composition \(75 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{SiO}_{2}, 15 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{O}\), and \(10 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{CaO}\).

(a) What are the three main components of a whiteware ceramic such as porcelain? (b) What role does each component play in the forming and firing procedures?

(a) Why is it so important to control the rate of drying of a ceramic body that has been hydroplastically formed or slip cast? (b) Cite three factors that influence the rate of drying, and explain how each affects the rate.

Cite one reason why drying shrinkage is greater for slip cast or hydroplastic products that have smaller clay particles.
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