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Chapter 16: Problem 23

Cite the distinction between carbon and graphite.

Short Answer

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Question: Explain the difference between carbon and graphite and provide examples of their distinct properties and applications. Answer: Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol 'C' and an atomic number of 6, occurring in various forms called allotropes with different structures and properties. Graphite, on the other hand, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal crystal structure and unique properties due to its specific arrangement of atoms. While carbon is an overall category, graphite is a specific form of carbon with distinct properties such as excellent electrical conductivity and slipperiness due to weak forces between its layers. This makes graphite suitable for applications such as pencil lead and lubricants, while other forms of carbon have different properties and applications.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol 'C' and an atomic number of 6. It is a non-metal that occurs in various forms, called allotropes, with different structures and properties. Some common forms of carbon are graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon.
02

Understanding Graphite

Graphite is an allotrope of carbon. It has a hexagonal crystal structure and is made up of layers of carbon atoms arranged in a regular pattern. The layers are held together by weak forces, making graphite slippery and soft. Due to its structure, graphite is an excellent electrical conductor and is commonly used as a material for pencil lead and lubricants.
03

Distinctions Between Carbon and Graphite

1. Carbon is an element, while graphite is an allotrope of carbon, meaning it is a specific form of the element carbon with a certain arrangement of atoms. 2. Graphite has a hexagonal crystal structure, whereas other allotropes of carbon, such as diamond and amorphous carbon, have different structures. 3. The properties of graphite are unique, such as being a good electrical conductor and being slippery due to the weak forces between its layers. These properties are not the same for all forms of carbon. 4. Applications of graphite, such as pencil lead and lubricants, are specific to its structure and properties and are not characteristic of carbon as a whole.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Allotropes of Carbon
Carbon, as a chemical element, has the unique ability to exist in different forms, known as allotropes. These variations occur because carbon atoms can be arranged in different structures, each contributing unique physical properties. The most well-known allotropes of carbon include:
  • Graphite: A soft, slippery material due to its layer-like structure.
  • Diamond: A hard, transparent form of carbon, famous for its strength.
  • Amorphous Carbon: Includes forms like coal and charcoal, lacking a crystalline structure.
Each allotrope arises from a different arrangement of carbon atoms. This diversity allows carbon to perform a wide range of functions, from forming seamless electrical conductors to creating the stunning hardness seen in diamonds.
Chemical Element
A chemical element is a substance composed of atoms that all have the same number of protons. In the case of carbon, each atom has six protons, giving it the atomic number of 6. This atomic structure dictates its placement on the periodic table of elements as a non-metal. Carbon's ability to form numerous allotropes is a direct result of its valency, which is the ability to form four covalent bonds.

Because it can bond with other elements and combine in different configurations, carbon is foundational in forming the compounds essential to life. Its versatility is unmatched among other elements, enabling it to create a vast array of molecules, including those that constitute the structure of living organisms.
Crystal Structure
The crystal structure of a material refers to the ordered arrangement of atoms in a crystalline solid. This structure greatly influences the material's properties. In graphite, carbon atoms form a distinct hexagonal pattern arranged in sheets or layers. Each carbon atom bonds with three others, forming layers that can slide over one another easily. This layered structure accounts for graphite's greasy feel and its use as a lubricant.

In contrast, diamond, another carbon allotrope, features a tetrahedral structure where each carbon atom is bonded strongly to four others. This arrangement makes diamond extremely hard and gives it unique optical properties. Hence, although both are forms of carbon, their differing crystal structures impart very different characteristics.
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical conductivity refers to a material鈥檚 ability to conduct an electric current. Graphite is an exceptional conductor of electricity, a property not shared by all carbon allotropes. This is due to its crystal structure, where only three out of four outer electrons on each carbon atom form strong bonds. The fourth electron is free to move, allowing graphite to conduct electricity.

In contrast, diamond is a poor conductor of electricity despite being another allotrope of carbon. In diamond, all four outer electrons of each carbon atom are involved in bonds, leaving no free electrons to carry an electrical current. Thus, the structure of carbon allotropes influences their electrical properties, illustrating the diverse potential uses of carbon.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Compute the longitudinal tensile strength of an aligned glass fiber-epoxy matrix composite in which the average fiber diameter and length are \(0.015 \mathrm{mm}\left(5.9 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{in.}\right)\) and \(2.0 \mathrm{mm}(0.08\) in.), respectively, and the volume fraction of fibers is 0.25 . Assume that (1) the fiber-matrix bond strength is \(100 \mathrm{MPa}(14,500 \mathrm{psi}),(2)\) the fracture strength of the fibers is \(3500 \mathrm{MPa}\left(5 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{psi}\right)\), and (3) the matrix stress at composite failure is \(5.5 \mathrm{MPa}(800 \mathrm{psi})\).

(a) For a fiber-reinforced composite, the efficiency of reinforcement \(\eta\) is dependent on fiber length \(l\) according to $$\eta=\frac{l-2 x}{l}$$ where \(x\) represents the length of the fiber at each end that does not contribute to the load transfer. Make a plot of \(\eta\) versus \(l\) to \(l=50\) \(\mathrm{mm}(2.0 \text { in. })\) assuming that \(x=1.25 \mathrm{mm}\) \((0.05 \text { in. })\) (b) What length is required for a 0.90 efficiency of reinforcement?

(a) What is a hybrid composite? (b) List two important advantages of hybrid composites over normal fiber composites.

(a) List four reasons why glass fibers are most commonly used for reinforcement. (b) Why is the surface perfection of glass fibers so important? (c) What measures are taken to protect the surface of glass fibers?

Is it possible to produce a continuous and oriented aramid fiber-epoxy matrix composite having longitudinal and transverse moduli of elasticity of \(35 \mathrm{GPa}\left(5 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{psi}\right)\) and \(5.17 \mathrm{GPa}\left(7.5 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{psi}\right),\) respectively?Why or why not? Assume that the elastic modulus of the epoxy is \(3.4 \mathrm{GPa}\left(4.93 \times 10^{5}\right.\) psi.
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