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Chapter 13: Problem 1

Cite the two desirable characteristics of glasses.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Short Answer: The two desirable characteristics of glasses are 1) Transparency, which allows light to pass through the material without significant absorption, scattering, or reflection; and 2) Chemical Durability, meaning glasses are resistant to many chemicals, making them suitable for use in various environments and contributing to their longevity.

Step by step solution

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1. Transparency

One of the most desirable characteristics of glasses is their transparency. This property allows light to pass through the material without significant absorption, scattering, or reflection. As a result, glasses are widely used as windows and lenses in various applications, including eyeglasses, microscopes, telescopes, cameras, and automobiles.
02

2. Chemical Durability

Another important characteristic of glasses is their chemical durability. This means that glasses are resistant to many chemicals, making them suitable for use in various environments. For example, glass containers can hold various acids and bases without suffering from corrosion. This property makes glasses ideal for use in laboratories, food storage, and pharmaceutical packaging. The chemical durability also allows glass products to maintain their appearance and functionality over time, contributing to the material's longevity.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Transparency
Transparency is a key characteristic that greatly enhances the utility of glass in many everyday applications. When we say a material is transparent, we mean that it allows light to pass through with minimal disruption, meaning light isn't significantly absorbed, scattered, or reflected within the material. This unique property is what makes glass so well-suited to a number of purposes, especially where passing light is crucial.

Because of its transparency, glass is extensively used in:
  • Windows: To allow natural light to enter buildings while providing a barrier to the external elements.
  • Lenses: Whether for eyeglasses that help correct vision or for optical lenses used in microscopes, telescopes, and cameras.
  • Automobiles: Vehicle windshields and windows use glass to ensure visibility.
Glass's transparency is instrumental in our daily lives by enhancing both functionality and aesthetic value.
Chemical Durability
Chemical durability refers to the capability of a material to resist chemical changes when it comes into contact with various substances. In the context of glass, this means that it can withstand exposure to a wide range of chemicals without degrading. This resilience is crucial in environments where the glass might encounter corrosive agents.

Here are a few areas where the chemical durability of glass is beneficial:
  • Laboratories: Glassware can handle various acids, bases, and other reagents without corroding, making it indispensable in experimental settings.
  • Food Storage: Because glass does not react with food and drink, it is ideal for storing consumables in a safe and long-lasting way.
  • Pharmaceutical Packaging: Many medicines are stored in glass due to its inert nature, which helps in preserving the integrity of the contents.
Chemical durability ensures that glass maintains its clarity and structural integrity over time, thus enhancing the lifespan and safety of the products.
Glass Applications
Glass is a remarkably versatile material with a wide array of applications that span both mundane and high-tech uses. Thanks to its unique properties such as transparency and chemical durability, glass is integrated into multiple aspects of modern life.

Some notable applications of glass include:
  • Construction: Glass is used for windows, facades, and even in the creation of structural elements such as floors and staircases.
  • Technology: Screens for phones, tablets, and televisions utilize glass for its smooth surface and clarity.
  • Automotive Industry: Beyond windows, glass is essential for mirrors and lighting components.
  • Art and Decor: Glass can be molded into various shapes, offering both aesthetic appeal and functional uses in decorative items and art installations.
Each application leverages the unique features of glass to meet specific functional, aesthetic, and practical needs. Its adaptability continues to evolve with advancements in glass technology, opening up even more possibilities for future innovations.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) Explain why residual thermal stresses are introduced into a glass piece when it is cooled. (b) Are thermal stresses introduced upon heating? Why or why not?

Compare the temperatures at which sodalime, borosilicate, \(96 \%\) silica, and fused silica may be annealed.

In your own words, briefly describe what happens as a glass piece is thermally tempered.

The viscosity \(\eta\) of a glass varies with temperature according to the relationship $$\eta=A \exp \left(\frac{Q_{\mathrm{vis}}}{R T}\right)$$ where \(Q_\text {vis}\) is the energy of activation for viscous flow, \(A\) is a temperature-independent constant, and \(R\) and \(T\) are, respectively, the gas constant and the absolute temperature. A plot of \(\ln \eta\) versus \(1 / T\) should be nearly linear, and with a slope of \(Q_{\text {vis }} / R .\) Using the data in Figure \(13.7,\) (a) make such a plot for the soda-lime glass, and (b) determine the activation energy between temperatures of 900 and \(1600^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).

(a) What is crystallization? (b) Cite two properties that may be improved by crystallization.
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