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As a model for electric quadrupole radiation, consider two oppositely oriented oscillating electric dipoles, separated by a distance d, as shown in figure in Fig. 11.19. Use the results of Sect. 11.1.2 for the potentials of each dipole, but note that they are not located at the origin. Keeping only the terms of first order in d:

(a) Find the scalars and vector potentials

(b) Find the electric and magnetic fields.

(c) Find the pointing vector and the power radiated

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) The scalar and vector potentialsVtot=p02d40c2rcos2cos[(trc)] and Atot=0p02d4crcoscos[(trc)]z^

(b) The electric and magnetic fields are E=crcossin[sin(trc)]^ and B=c2rsincossin[(trc)]^

(c) The pointing vector and the power radiated are S={crcossin[sin(trc)]}20cr^and P=060c3(p0d)26

Step by step solution

01

Write the given data from the question

Total scalar potential of two oppositely oriented electric dipoles is given from the section 11.1.2.

V=p040c(cosr)sin[(trc)] 鈥︹︹︹. (1)

Total vector potential of two oppositely oriented electric dipoles is given from the section 11.1.2.

A=0p04rsin[(trc)]z^

The electric field is given from the section 11.1.2.

E=VAt 鈥︹︹.鈥︹ (3)

02

Determine the formulas to calculate the scalar and vector potential.

The law of cosines is given as follows:

r=r2+(d2)2+2r(d2)cos鈥︹︹.鈥︹ (4)

Here, is the distance.

03

Step 3:Find the scalar and vector potentials

(a)

Apply the law of cosines in the given figure.

r=r2+(d2)2+2r(d2)cosr1(dr)cosr(1(dr)cos)12r(1d2rcos)

It follows that

1r=1r(1d2rcos)1r=1r(1d2rcos)11r=1r(1d2rcos) 鈥︹︹︹. (5)

Now, the angle is

cos=rcos(d2)r

Now substitute the value of 1r=1r(1d2rcos).

role="math" localid="1658756836865" cos=1r(rcos(d2))=1r(1d2rcos)(rcosd2r)=(cosd2r)(1d2rcos)=cosd2rcos2d2r

Solve further as

cos=cosd2r(1cos2)=cosd2rsin2

Let us take

sin[(trc)]

Substitute the value of r=r(1d2rcos).

sin[(tr(1d2rcos)c)]=sin[(trc(1d2rcos))]=sin{[trcd2ccos]}=sin{[(trc)d2ccos]} 鈥.鈥 (6)

Put t0=trcin the equation (6).

sin{[(trc)d2ccos]}=sin{[t0d2ccos]}=sin[t0d2ccos]=sin(t0)cos(d2ccos)cos(t0)sin(d2ccos)=sin(t0)d2ccoscos(t0)鈥 (7)

Substituting all these values in the equation (1)

V=p040c(cosr)sin[(trc)]V=p040c[(cosd2rsin2)1r(1d2rcos)][sin(0t)d2ccoscos(t0)]V=p040cr[(cosd2rsin2)(1d2rcos)][sin(0t)d2ccoscos(t0)]V=p040cr[(cosd2rcos2d2rsin2)][sin(0t)d2ccoscos(t0)]

Further solved as

Vp040cr(cossin(0t)d2ccos2cos(t0)d2rcos2sin(0t)d2rsin2sin(0t))V=p040cr(cossin(0t)d2ccos2cos(t0)d2r(cos2sin2)sin(0t))

Therefore, the expression for the total voltage is derived as

Vtot=V++VVtot=p040cr[dccos2cos(0t)+dr(cos2sin2)sin(t0)]Vtot=p040crdc[cos2cos(0t)+cddr(cos2sin2)sin(t0)]Vtot=p02d40c2r[cos2cos(0t)+cr(cos2sin2)sin(t0)]

In the radiation zone r>>cthen the second term in the above square bracket can be neglected then the above equation becomes

Vtot=p02d40c2rcos2cos(t0) 鈥︹︹. (8)

Now, put t0=trcin the equation (8).

Vtot=p02d40c2rcos2cos[(trc)]

Hence, the scalar potential is Vtot=p02d40c2rcos2cos[(trc)].

Now calculate the vector potential from equation (2).

A=0p04rsin[(trc)]z^

Substitute equation (5) and (7) in equation (2).

A=0p04{1r(1d2rcos)[sin(t0)d2ccoscos(t0)]}A=0p04r[sin(t0)d2ccoscos(t0)d2rcossin(t0)]z^

Hence, the total scalar potential is

Atot=A++AAtot=0p04r[dccoscos(t0)drcossin(t0)]z^Atot=0p024cr[coscos(t0)crcossin(t0)]z^

In the radiation zone r>>cthen the second term in the above square bracket can be neglected then the above equation becomes

Atot=0p02d4crcoscos(t0)z^Atot=0p02d4crcoscos[(trc)]z^

Hence, the total vector potential is Atot=0p02d4crcoscos[(trc)]z^.

04

Determine the electric and magnetic field

(b)

Consider the expression for the total voltage drop as

Vtot=p02d40c2rcos2cos[(trc)]

As we know

c=100

where 0is the vacuum permittivity and 0 is the vacuum permeability.

Vtot=p02d40(100)rcos2cos[(trc)]Vtot=0p02d4rcos2cos[(trc)]

Let us consider =0p02d4; then the above equation become

Vtot=rcos2cos[(trc)]Vtot=cos2rcos[(trc)]

Now vector potential in the co-ordinate form

V=Vtotrr^+1rVtot^ 鈥︹︹. (9)

Put Vtot=cos2rcos[(trc)] in the equation (9).

V=[cos2rcos[(trc)]]rr^+1r[cos2rcos[(trc)]]^V=cos2r[1rcos[(trc)]]r^+1rrcos[(trc)][cos2]^V={cos2{1r2cos[(trc)]+1r[sin((trc))(c)]}+r2cos[(trc)](2cossin)^}V={cos2{1r2cos[(trc)]+rc[sin((trc))]}+r2cos[(trc)](2cossin)^}

In the radiation zone

V=cos2rc[sin((trc))]r^V=ccos2r[sin((trc))]r^ 鈥︹︹ (10)

Since

A=ccosrcos[(trc)](cosr^sin^)

Differentiate the equation with respect to time .

At=t{ccosrcos[(trc)](cosr^sin^)}At=ccosr{sin[(trc)()](cosr^sin^)}At=ccosrsin[(trc)()](cosr^sin^)

From equation (3)

E=VAt 鈥︹︹ (11)

Put the value of V and Atin equation (11).

E=ccos2r[sin((trc))]r^+ccosrsin[(trc)()](cosr^sin^)E=ccosr[sin(trc)](cosr^sin^)ccos2rsin[(trc)]r^E=ccosr[sin(trc)][cosr^sin^cosr^]E=ccosr[sin(trc)][sin^]

Further solve as

E=ccossinr[sin(trc)]^E=crcossin[sin(trc)]^ 鈥︹︹ (12)

Thus, the electric field is .E=crcossin[sin(trc)]^

The magnetic field is given by

B=AB=1r[r(rA0)Ar]^B=cr{r[coscos((trc))(sin)]cos2rcos((trc))}^B=cr{(sincos)[sin((trc))](c)cos2rcos((trc))}^

Further solved as

B=cr{(sincos)csin((trc))cos2rcos((trc))}^

Consider the radiation zone.

B=cr(sincos)csin[(trc)]^B=c2rsincossin[(trc)]^

Thus, the magnetic field is .B=c2rsincossin[(trc)]^

05

Step 5:Find the pointing vector and the power radiated

(c)

Consider the formula for the magnetic field as

B=1c(r^E)

Here, Er^=0.

Then, the pointing vector is given as

S=10(EB)S=10[E1c(r^E)]S=10c[E(r^E)]S=10c(E2r^(E.r^)E)

Substitute E.r^=0 in the above expression.

S=10c[E2r^(0)E]S=E20cr^

Substitute equation (12) in the expression.

S={crcossin[sin(trc)]}20cr^

Thus, the pointing vector is

S={crcossin[sin(trc)]}20cr^

The power radiated is given as

P=S.da=10c(c)2sin2cos2sindd=120c(c)2(2)0(1cos2)cos2sind

Letu=cos; then du=sind.

Upper limit is =; then

u=cosu=1

Lower limit is =0; then

u=cos0u=1

Therefore

11(1u2)u2(du)=11(1u2)u2(du)=11(u2u4)(du)=11u2(du)11u4(du)

Now integrate the expression

11u2(du)11u4(du)=[u33]+11[u55]1+1=[13(13)][15(15)]=2325=415

Now, power radiated is

P=120c2c(2)(415)P=120c2c(2)(415)2

Since =0p02d4, then the above equation becomes

P=120c2c(2)(415)[0p02d4]2=120c2c(2)(415)02p024d2162=060c3(p0d)26

Thus, the power radiated is P=060c3(p0d)26.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Equation 11.14 can be expressed in 鈥渃oordinate-free鈥 form by writing p0cos=p0r^. Do so, and likewise for Eqs. 11.17, 11.18. 11.19, and 11.21.

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