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Chapter 12: Problem 5

What is visible light? How does it differ from the other forms of electromagnetic radiation?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: Visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, with a wavelength range of approximately 400 to 700 nanometers. It differs from other forms of electromagnetic radiation in terms of its wavelength, energy, and effects on living organisms. For example, visible light has longer wavelengths than gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation, but shorter wavelengths than infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. Additionally, visible light has higher energy than radio waves and microwaves, but lower energy than ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. The effects of visible light on living organisms include vision and photosynthesis, while other forms of electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation and gamma rays, can cause harm to living organisms or be used for medical purposes.

Step by step solution

01

Define electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation is energy that travels in the form of waves, consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. These waves travel at the speed of light and can be characterized by their wavelength and frequency.
02

Introduce the electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of all electromagnetic waves, arranged according to their wavelength or frequency. It ranges from shorter wavelengths, like gamma rays and X-rays, to longer wavelengths, like radio waves. Visible light occupies a small portion of this spectrum.
03

Explain visible light

Visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. It has a wavelength range of approximately 400 to 700 nanometers (nm). When this light passes through a prism or a diffraction grating, it gets separated into its individual color components: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. These colors form the visible light spectrum we are familiar with.
04

Compare visible light to other electromagnetic radiation

Visible light differs from other forms of electromagnetic radiation in terms of its wavelength, energy, and effects on living organisms. For example: 1. Wavelength: Visible light has longer wavelengths than gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation, but shorter wavelengths than infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. 2. Energy: The energy of electromagnetic waves is directly proportional to their frequency and inversely proportional to their wavelength. Therefore, visible light has higher energy than radio waves and microwaves, but lower energy than ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. 3. Effects on living organisms: Different forms of electromagnetic radiation have varying effects on living organisms. For example, visible light is essential for vision and photosynthesis, while ultraviolet radiation can cause skin damage and increase the risk of skin cancer. Similarly, high-energy gamma rays and X-rays can be harmful, but can also be used for medical imaging and cancer treatment. In conclusion, visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that occupies a specific wavelength range in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is differentiated from other types of electromagnetic radiation based on its unique wavelength, energy level, and its interaction with living organisms.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Electromagnetic Radiation
Imagine the sun warming your skin or using a remote control to change the TV channel. These are everyday experiences with a common factor: electromagnetic radiation (EMR). EMR is a form of energy that moves through space as both a wave and a particle. It has properties of both electric and magnetic fields, oscillating in harmony and traveling at the speed of light, roughly 299,792 kilometers per second.

These waves can vary in length, from very short gamma rays to incredibly long radio waves - revealing that electromagnetic radiation embraces more than what we can sense. Radio waves enable wireless communications, while X-rays peer through our bodies, helping doctors to diagnose illnesses. Each unique type of EMR plays a pivotal role in our daily lives, often without us being aware of its presence or far-reaching implications.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is an organized model that demonstrates the entire range of electromagnetic radiation. Picture a vast spectrum with waves of varying lengths and frequencies. At one end, there are gamma rays with minuscule wavelengths, followed by X-rays, then ultraviolet. Each has its unique applications and characteristics. As we progress, we reach visible light, which illuminates our world in vibrant colors and is essential for sight. Moving past visible light, we enter the realm of infrared, microwaves, and, ultimately, radio waves, which boast the longest wavelengths.

The Visible Niche

Even among this diversity, visible light claims a special niche, sandwiched precisely in a range that our eyes are tuned to detect. This narrow band of wavelengths allows us to experience the world in color, a factor both integral to survival and awe-inspiring in its beauty.
Wavelength
Wavelength is a crucial concept when delving into the study of electromagnetic radiation. It's the measure from one crest of a wave to the next, which determines the type of EMR we are observing. Shorter wavelengths like those of gamma rays are packed with energy, powerful and penetrating. In contrast, the longer wavelengths such as those of radio waves are less energetic but can travel vast distances or through objects.

Tuning into Wavelengths

The variation in wavelength has significant implications. For instance, our atmosphere blocks harmful short wavelengths, while allowing others like visible light and certain radio waves to pass through. On a practical level, engineers leverage the different properties of wavelengths for technology such as satellite communication, where specific wavelength frequencies are chosen for reliability and clarity.
Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Living Organisms
While often invisible, electromagnetic radiation exerts tangible effects on living organisms. Visible light is essential for processes like photosynthesis, which fuels plant life, and is fundamental for vision in humans and other animals. This type of EMR enables life as we know it on Earth.

Managing the Spectrum for Health

On the flip side, some EMR, like ultraviolet rays, can be harmful, leading to skin damage or cancer. Medical practitioners harness high-energy radiation for imaging and treatment, carefully balancing the benefits against potential risks. It's a poignant reminder of the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation: a provider of life-sustaining energy and a source that must be respected and managed to prevent harm.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Determine the equilibrium temperature of the absorber surface in Prob. 12-98 if the back side of the absorber is insulated.

Solar radiation is incident on the front surface of a thin plate with direct and diffuse components of 300 and \(250 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\), respectively. The direct radiation makes a \(30^{\circ}\) angle with the normal of the surface. The plate surfaces have a solar absorptivity of \(0.63\) and an emissivity of \(0.93\). The air temperature is \(5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and the convection heat transfer coefficient is \(20 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\). The effective sky temperature for the front surface is \(-33^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) while the surrounding surfaces are at \(5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) for the back surface. Determine the equilibrium temperature of the plate.

A small surface of area \(A=3 \mathrm{~cm}^{2}\) emits radiation with an intensity of radiation that can be expressed as \(I_{e}(\theta, \phi)=100 \phi \cos \theta\), where \(I_{e}\) has the units of \(\mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{sr}\). Determine the emissive power from the surface into the hemisphere surrounding it, and the rate of radiation emission from the surface.

A small circular plate with a surface \(A_{1}\) can be approximated as a blackbody. A radiometer with a surface \(A_{2}\) is placed normal to the direction of viewing from the plate at a distance \(L\). Would the irradiation on the radiometer from the plate decrease if the distance \(L\) is doubled, and if so, by how much?

Solar radiation is incident on an opaque surface at a rate of \(400 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). The emissivity of the surface is \(0.65\) and the absorptivity to solar radiation is \(0.85\). The convection coefficient between the surface and the environment at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(6 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\). If the surface is exposed to atmosphere with an effective sky temperature of \(250 \mathrm{~K}\), the equilibrium temperature of the surface is (a) \(281 \mathrm{~K}\) (b) \(298 \mathrm{~K}\) (c) \(303 \mathrm{~K}\) (d) \(317 \mathrm{~K}\) (e) \(339 \mathrm{~K}\)
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