/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 43 Does any of the energy of the su... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91影视

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Chapter 1: Problem 43

Does any of the energy of the sun reach the earth by conduction or convection?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: No, energy from the Sun does not reach Earth through conduction or convection. The primary mode through which energy from the Sun reaches Earth is radiation.

Step by step solution

01

Background on heat transfer

Heat can be transferred by three main modes: conduction, convection, and radiation. 1. Conduction: It is the transfer of heat through a solid material by the movement of free electrons and the vibration of atoms and molecules. It requires direct contact between the objects. 2. Convection: It is the transfer of heat through fluids (liquids or gases) by the movement of the fluid itself. The heated fluid rises, and cooler fluid moves to take its place, creating a circulation pattern that transfers heat. 3. Radiation: It is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, and it does not require any medium to transfer heat.
02

Conduction and its applicability to the problem

Conduction requires direct contact between objects to transfer heat. In the case of the Sun and Earth, there is no physical connection or direct contact between them (they are separated by the vacuum of space). Therefore, conduction cannot be the mode through which energy from the Sun reaches Earth.
03

Convection and its applicability to the problem

Convection requires the movement of fluids to transfer heat. The space between the Sun and Earth is not filled with a fluid; it is mostly a vacuum with only a few atoms per cubic centimeter. This extremely low-density medium is not sufficient to transfer heat through convection from the Sun to Earth.
04

Radiation and its applicability to the problem

Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves that can travel through the vacuum of space. The energy from the Sun reaches Earth through radiation in the form of sunlight, which contains electromagnetic waves, primarily in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared bands.
05

Conclusion

Based on our understanding of the three different modes of heat transfer, we can conclude that no energy from the Sun reaches the Earth through conduction or convection. The primary mode through which energy from the Sun reaches Earth is radiation.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

An ice skating rink is located in a building where the air is at \(T_{\text {air }}=20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and the walls are at \(T_{w}=25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The convection heat transfer coefficient between the ice and the surrounding air is \(h=10 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}\). The emissivity of ice is \(\varepsilon=0.95\). The latent heat of fusion of ice is \(h_{i f}=333.7 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\) and its density is \(920 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). (a) Calculate the refrigeration load of the system necessary to maintain the ice at \(T_{s}=0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) for an ice rink of \(12 \mathrm{~m}\) by \(40 \mathrm{~m}\). (b) How long would it take to melt \(\delta=3 \mathrm{~mm}\) of ice from the surface of the rink if no cooling is supplied and the surface is considered insulated on the back side?

It is well-known that at the same outdoor air temperature a person is cooled at a faster rate under windy conditions than under calm conditions due to the higher convection heat transfer coefficients associated with windy air. The phrase wind chill is used to relate the rate of heat loss from people under windy conditions to an equivalent air temperature for calm conditions (considered to be a wind or walking speed of \(3 \mathrm{mph}\) or \(5 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h})\). The hypothetical wind chill temperature (WCT), called the wind chill temperature index (WCTI), is an equivalent air temperature equal to the air temperature needed to produce the same cooling effect under calm conditions. A 2003 report on wind chill temperature by the U.S. National Weather Service gives the WCTI in metric units as WCTI \(\left({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)=13.12+0.6215 T-11.37 V^{0.16}+0.3965 T V^{0.16}\) where \(T\) is the air temperature in \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(V\) the wind speed in \(\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}\) at \(10 \mathrm{~m}\) elevation. Show that this relation can be expressed in English units as WCTI \(\left({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right)=35.74+0.6215 T-35.75 V^{0.16}+0.4275 T V^{0.16}\) where \(T\) is the air temperature in \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) and \(V\) the wind speed in \(\mathrm{mph}\) at \(33 \mathrm{ft}\) elevation. Also, prepare a table for WCTI for air temperatures ranging from 10 to \(-60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and wind speeds ranging from 10 to \(80 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). Comment on the magnitude of the cooling effect of the wind and the danger of frostbite.

How do \((a)\) draft and \((b)\) cold floor surfaces cause discomfort for a room's occupants?

One way of measuring the thermal conductivity of a material is to sandwich an electric thermofoil heater between two identical rectangular samples of the material and to heavily insulate the four outer edges, as shown in the figure. Thermocouples attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the samples record the temperatures. During an experiment, two \(0.5-\mathrm{cm}\) thick samples \(10 \mathrm{~cm} \times\) \(10 \mathrm{~cm}\) in size are used. When steady operation is reached, the heater is observed to draw \(25 \mathrm{~W}\) of electric power, and the temperature of each sample is observed to drop from \(82^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) at the inner surface to \(74^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) at the outer surface. Determine the thermal conductivity of the material at the average temperature.

Consider heat transfer through a windowless wall of a house on a winter day. Discuss the parameters that affect the rate of heat conduction through the wall.
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