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In certain stars the carbon cycle is more effective than the proton–proton cycle in generating energy.This carbon cycle is

C12+H1→13N+γ,Q1=1.95MeV,N13→13C+e++v,Q2=1.19,C13+H1→14N+γ,Q3=7.55,C14+H1→15O+γ,Q4=7.30,15O→15N+e++v,Q5=1.73,C15+H1→12C+4He,Q6=4.97

(a) Show that this cycle is exactly equivalent in its overall effects to the proton–proton cycle of Fig. 43-11. (b) Verify that the two cycles, as expected, have the same Q value.

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) The carbon cycle is exactly equivalent to proton-proton cycle.

(b) It is verified that the two cycles have the same Q value.

Step by step solution

01

Describe the expression for energy

The expression for energy is given by,

Q=-∆mc2

Here, is the energy release in a reaction,∆m is the mass difference between the parent nuclei and the daughter nuclei, and c is the velocity of light.

02

Show that carbon-carbon cycle is exactly equivalent to the proton–proton cycle(a)

If can be carefully observed thatin the carbon-carbon cycle, the products are two positrons2e+ , two neutrinos2v , and one helium nucleusH4e .

The same products are also obtained in the proton-proton cycle.

Therefore, the carbon cycle is exactly equivalent to proton-proton cycle.

03

Verify that the two cycles have the same Q value(b)

The value of the energy is the sum of the Q values of the carbon cycle.

Qc=∑n=16Qn=Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5+Q6=1.95Mev+1.19Mev+7.55Mev+7.30Mev+1/73Mev+4.97Mev=24.7Mev

The Q value is same for both cycles.

Therefore, it is verified that the two cycles have the same Q value.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The uranium ore mined today contains only 0.72% of fissionable 235U, too little to make reactor fuel for thermal-neutron fission. For this reason, the mined ore must be enriched with 235U. Both role="math" localid="1661753958684" 235U(T1/2=7.0×108y)and 238U(T1/2=4.5×109y)are radioactive. How far back in time would natural uranium ore have been a practical reactor fuel, with a 235U238Uratio of 3.0%?

A 200 MW fission reactor consumes half its fuel in 3.00 y . How much U235did it contain initially? Assume that all the energy generated arises from the fission of U235 and that this nuclide is consumed only by the fission process.

Question: Consider the fission of U238by fast neutrons. In one fission event, no neutrons are emitted and the final stable end products, after the beta decay of the primary fission fragments, are C140eandRu99. (a) What is the total of the beta-decay events in the two beta-decay chains? (b) Calculate for this fission process. The relevant atomic and particle masses are

U238238.05079Ce140139.90543un1.00866uRu999890594u

Question: In a particular fission event in which U235is fissioned by slow neutrons, no neutron is emitted and one of the primary fission fragments is Ge83. (a) What is the other fragment? The disintegration energy is Q = 170 MeV. How much of this energy goes to (b) the Ge83fragment and (c) the other fragment? Just after the fission, what is the speed of (d) the Ge83fragment and (e) the other fragment?

Calculate the energy released in the fission reaction

U235+n→Cs141+Rb93+2n

Here are some atomic and particle masses.

U235235.04392uRb9392.92157uCs141140.91964un1.00866u

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