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(a) In 1964, the temperature in the Siberian village of Oymyakon reached \(-71^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What temperature is this on the Fahrenheit scale? (b) The highest officially recorded temperature in the continental United States was \(134^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) in Death Valley, California. What is this temperature on the Celsius scale?

Short Answer

Expert verified
-71°C is -95.8°F; 134°F is 56.67°C.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Conversion Formulas

To convert temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit, use the following formulas:\[ F = \frac{9}{5} \, C + 32 \] and\[ C = \frac{5}{9} (F - 32) \] where \(C\) is in degrees Celsius and \(F\) is in degrees Fahrenheit.
02

Convert -71°C to Fahrenheit

Apply the formula \( F = \frac{9}{5} \, C + 32 \) using \(C = -71\):\[ F = \frac{9}{5} \times (-71) + 32 \]This simplifies to:\[ F = -127.8 + 32 \]\[ F = -95.8 \]Thus, \(-71^{\circ} C\) is equivalent to \(-95.8^{\circ} F\).
03

Convert 134°F to Celsius

Apply the formula \( C = \frac{5}{9}(F - 32) \) using \(F = 134\):\[ C = \frac{5}{9}(134 - 32) \]Simplify the expression:\[ C = \frac{5}{9} \times 102 \]\[ C = 56.67 \]Thus, \(134^{\circ} F\) is equivalent to approximately \(56.67^{\circ} C\).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion
Converting temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit is a common task, especially when dealing with weather data from different parts of the world. The conversion formula is simple: \[ F = \frac{9}{5} \, C + 32 \] where \( F \) is the temperature in Fahrenheit and \( C \) is the temperature in Celsius. This formula originates from the definition of these two scales, considering the different starting points and scales of measurement used for water's boiling and freezing points.
  • The boiling point of water is \(100^{\circ}C\) or \(212^{\circ}F\).
  • The freezing point of water is \(0^{\circ}C\) or \(32^{\circ}F\).
To convert, multiply the Celsius temperature by \( \frac{9}{5} \) and then add 32. This adjusts for the difference in the zero points (32 degrees) and scales (\(9/5\) ratio). When you encounter a problem asking for conversion, like changing \(-71^{\circ}C\) to Fahrenheit, plug in the Celsius temperature into the formula, perform the calculation, and you get \(-95.8^{\circ} F\). This step-by-step approach ensures accurate conversion every time.
Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion
Just like converting Celsius to Fahrenheit, changing Fahrenheit to Celsius requires its specific formula: \[ C = \frac{5}{9} (F - 32) \] Here, \( C \) stands for the degrees in Celsius and \( F \) for Fahrenheit. The formula works by first subtracting 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature to counteract the offset between the scales. Then, multiplying by \(\frac{5}{9}\) aligns the scales' increments.
  • Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature to eliminate the scale offset.
  • Multiply the result by \(5/9\) to adjust the sizing difference between the Fahrenheit and Celsius degrees.
For example, converting \(134^{\circ}F\) into Celsius, you subtract 32 to get \(102\), then multiply by \(\frac{5}{9}\) to find it’s approximately \(56.67^{\circ} C\). This helps in understanding temperatures in contexts not commonly familiar with Fahrenheit, like scientific studies primarily using Celsius.
Temperature scales
Temperature scales are systems for measuring temperature and play vital roles in scientific standards and everyday life. The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are the most common, each with unique starting points and increments.
  • Celsius Scale: Used widely around the world, this scale sets 0°C as the freezing point of water and 100°C as its boiling point at sea level.
  • Fahrenheit Scale: Predominantly used in the United States, this sets 32°F as the freezing point and 212°F as the boiling point of water.
These scales are essential for practical applications like cooking, weather forecasting, and scientific research. They adapt differently based on regional practices and scientific requirements. Familiarity with converting between these scales is helpful for understanding global weather reports, scientific data, and ensuring precision in technical fields. The understanding of these differences and conversions can bridge the gap between regions using different measurement standards, making it easier to communicate and interpret temperature data accurately.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

On finding your stove out of order, you decide to boil the water for a cup of tea by shaking it in a thermos flask. Suppose that you use tap water at \(19^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), the water falls \(32 \mathrm{~cm}\) each shake, and you make 27 shakes each minute. Neglecting any loss of thermal energy by the flask, how long (in minutes) must you shake the flask until the water reaches \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) ?

Liquid water coats an active (growing) icicle and extends up a short, narrow tube along the central axis (Fig. \(18-55)\). Because the water-ice interface must have a temperature of \(0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), the water in the tube cannot lose energy through the sides of the icicle or down through the tip because there is no temperature change in those directions. It can lose energy and freeze only by sending energy up (through distance \(L\) ) to the top of the icicle, where the temperature \(T_{r}\) can be below \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Take \(L=0.12 \mathrm{~m}\) and \(T_{r}=-5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Assume that the central tube and the upward conduction path both have cross-sectional area \(A .\) In terms of \(A\), what rate is (a) energy conducted upward and (b) mass converted from liquid to ice at the top of the central tube? (c) At what rate does the top of the tube move downward because of water freezing there? The thermal conductivity of ice is \(0.400 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\), and the density of liquid water is \(1000 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\).

What mass of butter, which has a usable energy content of \(6.0 \mathrm{Cal} / \mathrm{g}(=6000 \mathrm{cal} / \mathrm{g})\), would be equivalent to the change in gravitational potential energy of a \(73.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) man who ascends from sea level to the top of Mt. Everest, at elevation \(8.84 \mathrm{~km}\) ? Assume that the average \(g\) for the ascent is \(9.80 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\).

To withstand the harsh weather of the Antarctic, emperor penguins huddle in groups (Fig. \(18-50)\). Assume that a penguin is a circular cylinder with a top surface area \(a=0.34 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\) and height \(h=1.1 \mathrm{~m}\). Let \(P_{r}\) be the rate at which an individual penguin radiates energy to the environment (through the top and the sides); thus \(N P_{r}\) is the rate at which \(N\) identical, wellseparated penguins radiate. If the penguins huddle closely to form a huddled cylinder with top surface area \(N a\) and height \(h\), the cylinder radiates at the rate \(P_{h}\). If \(N=1000\), (a) what is the value of the fraction \(P_{h} / N P_{r}\) and (b) by what percentage does huddling reduce the total radiation loss?

One way to keep the contents of a garage from becoming too cold on a night when a severe subfreezing temperature is forecast is to put a tub of water in the garage. If the mass of the water is \(125 \mathrm{~kg}\) and its initial temperature is \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C},(\mathrm{a})\) how much energy must the water transfer to its surroundings in order to freeze completely and (b) what is the lowest possible temperature of the water and its surroundings until that happens?

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