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Chapter 4: Problem 1

Distinguish the Aristotelian and Galilean/Newtonian views of the natural state of motion.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The Aristotelian view suggests an object's natural state is rest and it needs constant force to keep it moving. In contrast, the Newtonian/Galilean view states an object's natural state is a constant velocity (including rest), and external forces are needed only to change this state, either to speed it up, slow it down or change its direction.

Step by step solution

01

Aristotelian Viewpoint

Aristotle's perspective is based on the belief that all objects will eventually rest. In his view, an external force must continually act upon an object in motion to keep it moving because its natural state is to be at rest. A dropped object, for example, will fall to the ground and stop - according to Aristotle, this demonstrates its natural propensity to reach a state of rest.
02

Galilean/Newtonian Viewpoint

Contrary to Aristotle, Galileo and Newton believed that objects in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force. This is Newton's first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia. For example, if one slides a book on a frictionless surface, it will keep moving indefinitely. This is because its natural state, according to this view, is a constant velocity (which includes static or no movement as a special case of a velocity of zero). An external force only changes this state of motion.
03

Summary

In summary, the Aristotelian view of motion maintains that an object's natural state is at rest, thereby requiring continuous external force to keep it in motion. On the other hand, the Galilean/Newtonian viewpoint posits that an object's natural state is a constant velocity, and only an external force can alter this state of motion - bringing it to rest or changing its velocity.

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