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The 2 -Mg car increases its speed uniformly from rest to \(25 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) in \(30 \mathrm{~s}\) up the inclined road. Determine the maximum power that must be supplied by the engine, which operates with an efficiency of \(\varepsilon=0.8 .\) Also, find the average power supplied by the engine.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Once the acceleration, the force exerted by the engine, the maximum power and the average power are calculated, using their respective formulas, their numerical values can be obtained which act as the solution to the problem.

Step by step solution

01

Calculate the Acceleration

The acceleration \(a\) is determined using the formula \(a = \frac{{V_f - V_i}}{t}\), where \(V_f = 25 \, m/s\) is the final velocity, \(V_i = 0 \, m/s\) is the initial velocity (the car starts from rest), and \(t = 30 \, s\) is the time period. Plug these values into the formula to solve for \(a\).
02

Calculate Net Force and Force by Engine

The net force \(F_{net}\) is given by the equation \( F_{net} = ma \), where \(m = 2 \, Mg = 2000 \, kg\) is the mass of the car, and \(a\) is determined from Step 1. To find the force exerted by the engine \(F_{engine}\), realize that this must counter both gravity and the force due to acceleration. Thus, \(F_{engine} = F_{net} + F_{gravity} = ma + mg\). Calculate this value.
03

Calculate the maximum power

Maximum power \(P_{max}\) is determined by the power equation \(P = \frac{Fv}{\varepsilon}\), where \(F_{engine}\) is the force by engine from Step 2 (ensure to convert to Newton if necessary), \(v = 25 \, m/s\) is the final velocity, and \(\varepsilon = 0.8\) is the efficiency of the engine. Use these values to solve for \(P_{max}\), which would be supplied by the engine while operating at the maximum speed.
04

Calculate the average power

The average power \(P_{ave}\) is the total work done by the engine divided by the time, or \(P_{ave} = \frac{W}{t}\). The work done \(W\) can be calculated as the force from the engine times the distance traveled. The distance traveled can be found using the kinematic equation \(d = \frac{1}{2}at^2\), where \(a\) is the acceleration from step 1 and \(t = 30 \, s\). Use these values to calculate the total work done and then use that to find the average power \(P_{ave}\).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Uniform Acceleration
Uniform acceleration refers to a constant change in velocity over time in one direction. This concept is pivotal in understanding the movement of objects, such as a car accelerating up an inclined road. When dealing with uniform acceleration, there's a direct link between the time taken to reach a certain velocity, the initial velocity, and the final velocity. In our example, the car's velocity increases steadily from a starting point of rest (0 m/s) to 25 m/s in 30 seconds. The formula to determine uniform acceleration (\(a\)) is given by \[ a = \frac{{V_f - V_i}}{t} \] where \(V_f\) is the final velocity, \(V_i\) is the initial velocity, and \(t\) is the time in seconds. Understanding and applying this formula is crucial for solving problems related to motion with uniform acceleration.
Net Force Calculation
The net force on an object is the total force acting upon it, factoring in all individual forces, including those that oppose motion like friction or gravity. It's a vital concept in mechanics as it helps determine the acceleration of an object. Newton’s second law, \[ F_{net} = ma \] where \(m\) is mass and \(a\) is acceleration, is used to calculate this net force. For our car example, the net force required to achieve the uniform acceleration includes the force to overcome gravity's pull on an inclined slope, which is essential for finding the power the car's engine needs to provide.
Engine Efficiency
Engine efficiency (\(\varepsilon\))) reflects how well an engine converts the energy stored in fuel into mechanical work. It's a key factor in determining an engine's performance, as a higher efficiency means more usable power for the same amount of fuel consumed. In our car scenario, the engine operates at 80% efficiency (\(\varepsilon = 0.8\)). Thus, not all fuel energy becomes work done in moving the car; some energy is lost as heat or through other inefficiencies. Calculating the maximum power supplied by the engine requires considering this efficiency. We use the formula \[ P = \frac{Fv}{\varepsilon} \] where \(F\) is the force generated by the engine, \(v\) is velocity, and \(\varepsilon\) is the efficiency.
Kinematic Equations
Kinematic equations describe the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion. They are essential for predicting the future position and velocity of an object moving under uniform acceleration. There are four primary kinematic equations; however, for calculating the distance (\(d\)) traveled by the car, we use \[ d = \frac{1}{2}at^2 \] wherein `a` is the previously calculated acceleration and `t` is time. Using kinematic equations, we can determine how far the car has traveled in a given time, which is necessary to calculate the work done by the engine and therefore, the average power output.
Work-Energy Principle
The work-energy principle states that the work done by all forces acting on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy. Work (\(W\)) can be expressed as the product of the force (\(F\)) and the distance (\(d\)) over which the force is applied, \[ W = Fd \]. For our exercise, calculating the work done by the engine is key to finding the average power (\(P_{ave}\)) over the time period (\(t\)). The average power is given by \[ P_{ave} = \frac{W}{t} \] After determining the work done using the engine force and the distance traveled (obtained via kinematic equations), we divide this by the time to obtain the average power.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The sports car has a mass of \(2.3 \mathrm{Mg}\), and while it is traveling at \(28 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) the driver causes it to accelerate at \(5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\). If the drag resistance on the car due to the wind is \(F_{D}=\left(0.3 v^{2}\right) \mathrm{N},\) where \(v\) is the velocity in \(\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\), determine the power supplied to the engine at this instant. The engine has a running efficiency of \(\varepsilon=0.68\).

The 20 -kg crate is subjected to a force having a constant direction and a magnitude \(F=100 \mathrm{~N}\). When \(s=15 \mathrm{~m}\), the crate is moving to the right with a speed of \(8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Determine its speed when \(s=25 \mathrm{~m}\). The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the ground is \(\mu_{k}=0.25\).

A car has a mass \(m\) and accelerates along a horizontal straight road from rest such that the power is always a constant amount \(P .\) Determine how far it must travel to reach a speed of \(v\)

The steel ingot has a mass of \(1800 \mathrm{~kg}\). It travels along the conveyor at a speed \(v=0.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) when it collides with the "nested" spring assembly. If the stiffness of the outer spring is \(k_{A}=5 \mathrm{kN} / \mathrm{m}\) determine the required stiffness \(k_{B}\) of the inner spring so that the motion of the ingot is stopped at the moment the front, \(C,\) of the ingot is \(0.3 \mathrm{~m}\) from the wall.

A 750 -mm-long spring is compressed and confined by the plate \(P\), which can slide freely along the vertical 600 -mm-long rods. The \(40-\mathrm{kg}\) block is given a speed of \(v=5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) when it is \(h=2 \mathrm{~m}\) above the plate. Determine how far the plate moves downwards when the block momentarily stops after striking it. Neglect the mass of the plate.

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