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Chapter 11: Problem 47

We need an amplifier to supply a constant signal to each of a variable number of loads connected in parallel. What output impedance is needed in this situation? Why? What if the loads are connected in series?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Use low output impedance for parallel loads and high output impedance for series loads.

Step by step solution

01

Define the Problem

We need to find the appropriate output impedance of an amplifier when supplying signals to loads. These loads can be connected either in parallel or in series.
02

Understanding Load Connections in Parallel

When loads are connected in parallel, the total impedance reduces, making it easier for a signal from an amplifier to drive multiple loads simultaneously. Each load receives the full signal voltage.
03

Impedance Requirement for Parallel Loads

In a parallel connection, it is essential for the amplifier to have a low output impedance. This ensures that the voltage across each load doesn't drop as more loads are added and the amplifier can supply consistent power to each load despite the reduced overall impedance.
04

Understanding Load Connections in Series

When loads are connected in series, each load experiences the same current, but the total impedance is the sum of all individual impedances. Hence, each load divides the total signal voltage.
05

Impedance Requirement for Series Loads

In a series connection, it is preferable for the amplifier to have a high output impedance. This helps in maintaining a consistent current across all loads without significant power losses in the amplifier itself.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Parallel Load Connections
When considering the connection of loads in parallel, it's important to understand how impedance works in these setups. In a parallel load connection, all loads share the same two nodes; hence, each load receives the full signal voltage sent by the amplifier. However, the total impedance of the system reduces as you add more loads.
As a result, the effectiveness of the amplifier in supplying a consistent voltage becomes crucial.
  • Parallel connections lead to a decrease in overall impedance.
  • All loads receive the full signal directly from the amplifier.
  • A minimum output impedance from the amplifier helps maintain voltage.
This decline in impedance can quickly become challenging for an amplifier if it doesn't possess a suitable output impedance characteristic.
Series Load Connections
Contrary to parallel connections, series load connections involve arranging loads one after another. This means each load shares the current flowing through the circuit, but they split the signal voltage between them. The total impedance in a series is the sum of all individual load impedances.
Thus, the higher the number of loads, the greater the total impedance.
  • Each load adds to the total impedance.
  • The entire current must pass through each load.
  • Voltage division occurs among loads.
In this arrangement, ensuring the amplifier's output impedance matches the overall load impedance is important for consistent performance across all loads.
Impedance Matching
Impedance matching is a critical concept in electronics, especially when connecting amplifiers to loads. The goal of impedance matching is to ensure maximum power transfer between the amplifier and the loads. When the output impedance of the amplifier matches the load impedance, you can achieve efficient energy transfer.
  • Results in maximum power transfer and efficiency.
  • Prevents signal reflection or loss.
  • Essential for both parallel and series load connections.
Proper impedance matching minimizes power losses, ensuring the amplifier can drive the connected loads effectively.
Load Impedance
Load impedance refers to the total resistance of the connected loads in a circuit. It depends on how the loads are connected鈥攅ither in series or parallel. Understanding load impedance is crucial as it affects how much current the amplifier needs to deliver.
For parallel connections, the combined load impedance decreases the more loads are added, which necessitates a lower amplifier output impedance. In series connections, the combined load impedance increases, which accommodates the need for a higher amplifier output impedance.
  • In parallel, added loads decrease the overall impedance.
  • In series, added loads increase the overall impedance.
  • Determines the amplifier's capacity to maintain voltage or current supply.
Recognizing these tendencies in load impedance can guide you in selecting the correct configuration for optimal amplifier function.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In recording automotive emissions, we need to sense the short-circuit current of a chemical sensor that has a variable Thevenin impedance. A voltage that is proportional to the current must be applied to the input of a data-acquisition module. What type of ideal amplifier is needed? Justify your answer.

An amplifier has an open-circuit voltage gain of \(1000,\) an input resistance of \(20 \mathrm{k} \Omega\) and an output resistance of \(2 \Omega\), A signal source with an internal resistance of \(10 \mathrm{k} \Omega\) is connected to the input terminals of the amplifier. An \(8-\Omega\) load is connected to the output terminals Find the voltage gains \(A_{v r}=V_{o} / V_{r}\) and \(A_{v}=V_{o} / V_{i}\) Also, find the power gain and current gain.

The output of a certain amplifier in terms of the input is \(v_{o}(t)=K v_{\mathrm{in}}\left(t-t_{d}\right) .\) a. Is this amplifier linear? Explain carefully.b. Determine the complex voltage gain as a function of frequency. [Hint: Assume that \(v_{\mathrm{ia}}(t)=\) \(V_{m} \cos (2 \pi f t),\) determine the corresponding output, and divide the phasor output by the phasor input.] c. Given \(K=100\) and \(t_{d}=0.1 \mathrm{ms}\) plot the gain magnitude and phase versus frequency for \(0 \leq f \leq 10 \mathrm{kHz}\) d. Does this amplifier produce amplitude distortion? Phase distortion? Explain carefully

Suppose we have a two-stage cascaded amplifier with an ideal trans conductance amplifier as the first stage and an ideal trans resistance amplifier as the second stage What type of amplifier results and what is its gain in terms of the gains of the two stages? Repeat for the amplifiers cascaded in the opposite order.

In a certain instrumentation amplifier, the input signal consists of a \(20-\mathrm{mV}-\mathrm{rms}\) differential signal and a \(5 . \mathrm{V}\) -rms \(60-\mathrm{Hz}\) interfering common-mode signal. It is desired that the common-mode contribution to the output signal be at least \(60 \mathrm{dB}\) lower than the contribution from the differential signal. What is the minimum CMRR allowed for the amplifier in decibels?
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