91Ó°ÊÓ

Density plays a crucial role in determining the mass of substances when their volume is known. The basic relationship is expressed by the formula:

• \[\text{mass} = \text{density} \times \text{volume}\]

Here, density is the amount of mass per unit volume of a substance. It is usually expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (\(\mathrm{kg/m^3}\)). For example, the density of blood is typically \(1060 \, \mathrm{kg/m^3}\). To find the mass, you need to convert the volume into cubic meters, particularly when it is given in liters since \(1 \, \mathrm{L} = 0.001 \, \mathrm{m^3}\). Once the volume is in the correct units, multiply by the density to get the mass. In this exercise, a 5-liter volume of blood corresponds to a mass of 5.3 kilograms.

Understanding pressure involves relating it to how much force is applied over a certain area. The formula for pressure is:

• \[F = P \times A\]

where pressure \(P\) is in pascals (\(\mathrm{Pa}\)), force \(F\) is in newtons (\(\mathrm{N}\)), and area \(A\) is in square meters (\(\mathrm{m^2}\)). If you're given the area in square centimeters, remember to convert it to square meters:

• \(1 \, \mathrm{cm^2} = 0.0001 \, \mathrm{m^2}\)

In this exercise, the average blood pressure is \(13,000 \, \mathrm{Pa}\). Applying this over an area of \(1 \, \mathrm{cm^2}\), the resulting force is calculated as \(1.3 \, \mathrm{N}\). This illustrates how the application of pressure at the heart converts into force, which explains why specific force values are crucial in medical contexts.

Specific gravity is a way to express density relative to another standard, typically water. It is a dimensionless number and is given by:

• \[\text{Specific gravity} = \frac{\text{density of substance}}{\text{density of water}}\]

The density of water is \(1000 \, \mathrm{kg/m^3}\). Therefore, if a substance has a specific gravity of 5, its density is \(5 \times 1000 = 5000 \, \mathrm{kg/m^3}\). For red blood cells in the exercise, this derived density is critical to calculate their mass when paired with volume calculations. Specific gravity thus provides a direct mathematical way to comprehend the density of different materials relative to water.

When dealing with spherical objects, you need to compute the volume first if you want to find mass. The formula for the volume of a sphere is:

• \[V = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3\]

Here, \(r\) is the radius of the sphere. The radius is half of the diameter. For example, if the diameter of a red blood cell is given as \(7.5\, \mu\mathrm{m}\), the corresponding radius is \(3.75 \times 10^{-6} \, \mathrm{m}\). Substitute the radius value into the formula to calculate the volume. Once you have the volume, you can multiply by the cell’s density to get its mass. This approach helps when approximating objects as spheres, providing useful results in biology.

Red blood cells are tiny but can still have their mass calculated with the right methods. Once the volume of the cell has been determined using the sphere volume formula, the mass is computed as:

• \[\text{mass} = \text{density} \times \text{volume}\]

With a specific gravity of 5, the red blood cell density is \(5000 \, \mathrm{kg/m^3}\). After calculating its volume using the formula for a sphere, you multiply the density by this volume. The resulting mass of a single cell is extraordinarily small, approximately \(2.8 \times 10^{-14} \, \mathrm{kg}\). This calculation is a remarkable display of how even microscopic elements maintain predictable, calculable physical properties.