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You can estimate the size of any diagram by realizing that fr is of order 1 out to a distance of about the diameter of a molecule, andf≈0 beyond that. Hence, a three-dimensional integral of a product of f's will generally give a result that is of the order of the volume of a molecule. Estimate the sizes of all the diagrams shown explicitly in equation8.20 and explain why it was necessary to rewrite the series in exponential form.

Short Answer

Expert verified

The sizes of all the diagrams shown explicitly in the equation 8.20are 1≈NvV

2≈N3v2V2

3≈N4v3V3

4≈N3v2V2

5≈N4v3V36≈N5v3V37≈N6v2V28≈N4v3V3

and the explanation to rewrite the series in exponential form is explained below.

Step by step solution

01

Given Information 

We need to find the necessary to rewrite the series in exponential form.

02

Simplify

In this problem we need to write size of the diagrams in equation , the diagrams are shown in the following figure, for simplicity I will indicate each equation by its number in the figure. The integral for these diagrams are:

1=12NN−1V2∫d3r1d3r2f122=12NN−1N−2V3∫d3r1d3r2d3r3f12f233=18NN−1N−2N−3V4∫d3r1d3r2d3r3d3r4f12f344=16NN−1N−2V3∫d3r1d3r2d3r3f12f23f315=16NN−1N−2N−3V4∫d3r1d3r2d3r3d3r4f14f24f346=14NN−1N−2N−3N−4V5∫d3r1d3r2d3r3d3r4d3r5f12f34f457=18NN−1N−2N−3N−4NV6×∫d3r1d3r2d3r3d3r4d3r5d3r6f12f34f568=16NN−1N−2N−3V4∫d3r1d3r2d3r3d3r4f13f12f24

03

Calculation

according to the above equation, we can write (realizing that fris in order of 1out of the distance about the diameter of the molecule and f≈0beyond that):

1≈NvV

what I have done here is just approximate N≈N-1, and since we have only one factor of we have one factor of fwhere is the sized volume of the molecule and the integration over the renaming factor of rgives the volume so the volume in the denominator reduced by one order. For the second diagram we get:

2≈N3v2V2

and so on, we can write:

3≈N4v3V3

For the fourth diagram, we need to change the coordinates of the diagram as follow:

r→a=r→1−r→r→b=r→1−r→3

so we can write:

4=16N3V2∫d3rad3rbfrafrbfr→a−r→b4≈N3v2V2

Following the same method above, we can write the size for the rest of the diagram as:

5≈N4v3V36≈N5v3V37≈N6v2V28≈N4v3V3

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Consider a gas of "hard spheres," which do not interact at all unless their separation distance is less than r0, in which case their interaction energy is infinite. Sketch the Mayer f-function for this gas, and compute the second virial coefficient. Discuss the result briefly.

Use the cluster expansion to write the total energy of a monatomic nonideal gas in terms of a sum of diagrams. Keeping only the first diagram, show that the energy is approximatelyU≈32NkT+N2V·2π∫0∞r2u(r)e-βu(r)drUse a computer to evaluate this integral numerically, as a function of T, for the Lennard-Jones potential. Plot the temperature-dependent part of the correction term, and explain the shape of the graph physically. Discuss the correction to the heat capacity at constant volume, and compute this correction numerically for argon at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Starting from the partition function, calculate the average energy of the one-dimensional Ising model, to verify equation 8.44. Sketch the average energy as a function of temperature.

In this section I've formulated the cluster expansion for a gas with a fixed number of particles, using the "canonical" formalism of Chapter 6. A somewhat cleaner approach, however, is to use the "grand canonical" formalism introduced in Section 7.1, in which we allow the system to exchange particles with a much larger reservoir.

(a) Write down a formula for the grand partition function (Z) of a weakly interacting gas in thermal and diffusive equilibrium with a reservoir at fixed T andµ. Express Z as a sum over all possible particle numbers N, with each term involving the ordinary partition function Z(N).

(b) Use equations 8.6 and 8.20 to express Z(N) as a sum of diagrams, then carry out the sum over N, diagram by diagram. Express the result as a sum of similar diagrams, but with a new rule 1 that associates the expression (>./vQ) J d3ri with each dot, where >. = e13µ,. Now, with the awkward factors of N(N - 1) · · · taken care of, you should find that the sum of all diagrams organizes itself into exponential form, resulting in the formula

Note that the exponent contains all connected diagrams, including those that can be disconnected by removal of a single line.

(c) Using the properties of the grand partition function (see Problem 7.7), find diagrammatic expressions for the average number of particles and the pressure of this gas.

(d) Keeping only the first diagram in each sum, express N(µ) and P(µ) in terms of an integral of the Mayer /-function. Eliminate µ to obtain the same result for the pressure (and the second virial coefficient) as derived in the text.

(e) Repeat part (d) keeping the three-dot diagrams as well, to obtain an expression for the third virial coefficient in terms of an integral of /-functions. You should find that the A-shaped diagram cancels, leaving only the triangle diagram to contribute to C(T).

Show that the Lennard-Jones potential reaches its minimum value at r=r0, and that its value at this minimum is -u0. At what value of rdoes the potential equal zero?

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