91Ó°ÊÓ

The flux describes the rate at which molecules diffuse per unit area and per unit time in diffusion. $J_x$. Assume we have a narrow pipe filled with fluid or gas, and the molecular concentration varies only along its length. Take two adjacent narrow slices of pipe. each of width$\mathrm{Δ}x$. The first slice is bounded by$x_1$and $x_2$and the second slice by$x_2$and $x_3$.

$J_x=−D\frac{dn}{dx}$$\left(1\right)$

The number of molecules entering slice$N1$2 from slice in time$∆t$is equal to the flux multiplied by the slice's cross sectional area and time interval, so:

$N_1=J_{x,1}A\mathrm{Δ}t$

substitute from$J_x=−D\frac{dn}{dx}$, so:

$N_1=−\left[D\frac{n_2−n_1}{\mathrm{Δ}x}\right]A\mathrm{Δ}t$$\left(2\right)$

Similarly, the number of molecules exiting the second slice on the opposite side, $N_2$, is:

$N_2=−\left[D\frac{n_3−n_2}{\mathrm{Δ}x}\right]A\mathrm{Δ}t$$\left(3\right)$

The difference $N_1-N_2$is the net change in the number of molecules in the second slice, so:

$\mathrm{Δ}N=N_1−N_2$$\left(4\right)$

subtract equation from$N_1=−\left[D\frac{n_2−n_1}{\mathrm{Δ}x}\right]A\mathrm{Δ}t$and$N_2=−\left[D\frac{n_3−n_2}{\mathrm{Δ}x}\right]A\mathrm{Δ}t$substitute from$J_x=−D\frac{dn}{dx}$

$N_1−N_2=\left[D\frac{n_3−n_2}{\mathrm{Δ}x}\right]A\mathrm{Δ}t−\left[D\frac{n_2−n_1}{\mathrm{Δ}x}\right]A\mathrm{Δ}t$

$\begin{array}{r}\frac{\mathrm{Δ}N}{\mathrm{Δ}t}=DA\left[\frac{n_3−n_2}{\mathrm{Δ}x}−\frac{n_2−n_1}{\mathrm{Δ}x}\right]\\ \frac{\mathrm{Δ}N}{\mathrm{Δ}t}=DA\left[\frac{n_3−n_2−n_2+n_1}{\mathrm{Δ}x}\right]\\ →\frac{\mathrm{Δ}N}{\mathrm{Δ}t}=DA\left[\frac{n_3−2n_2+n_1}{\mathrm{Δ}x}\right]\end{array}$

dividing both sides by the slice's volume$V=A\mathrm{Δ}x$, so:

$\frac{\mathrm{Δ}\frac{N}{V}}{\mathrm{Δ}t}=\frac{DA}{A\mathrm{Δ}x}\left[\frac{n_3−2n_2+n_1}{\mathrm{Δ}x}\right]$

utilizing molecular concentration$n=\frac{N}{V}$on the LHS we get:

$\frac{\mathrm{Δ}n}{\mathrm{Δ}t}=D\left[\frac{n_3−2n_2+n_1}{(\mathrm{Δ}x{)}^2}\right]$$\left(5\right)$

In the limit of,

$\mathrm{Δ}t,\mathrm{Δ}x→0$

In the following relation:

localid="1650264685606" $\frac{{\mathrm{∂}}^{2}y}{\mathrm{∂}{x}^2}=\frac{y_3−2y_2+y_1}{(\mathrm{Δ}x{)}^2}$

will become

$\frac{\mathrm{∂}n}{\mathrm{∂}t}=D\frac{{\mathrm{∂}}^{2}n}{\mathrm{∂}{t}^2}$$\left(6\right)$

The solutions to this equation are the same as the solutions to the heat equation because they are formally equivalent. Starting with any concentration distribution, it will gradually spread out over time until the concentration is the same everywhere.