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Chapter 3: Problem 19

Describe three possible methods for separating mixtures. Give an example for each method.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Filtration with sand and water, distillation with salt water, chromatography with ink pigments.

Step by step solution

01

Filtration

Filtration is a method used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. The mixture is poured through a filter paper placed in a funnel. The liquid passes through the filter paper as filtrate, while the solid remains on the filter paper as residue. Example: Separating sand from water.
02

Distillation

Distillation involves heating a liquid to form vapor and then cooling the vapor to get the liquid. It is used to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points of components. Example: Separating water from salt water.
03

Chromatography

Chromatography is used to separate and analyze the components of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase. Example: Separating different pigments in ink.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Filtration
Filtration is a common technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. This method utilizes a filter paper placed in a funnel to achieve the separation. When the mixture is poured into the funnel, the liquid part, known as the filtrate, passes through the filter paper, while the solid part, called the residue, is trapped by the filter paper.
  • Filtration works well for heterogeneous mixtures where the solid does not dissolve in the liquid.
  • This method is frequently used in everyday tasks, such as making coffee where the coffee grounds are separated from the liquid coffee.
Example: If you mix sand and water, you can easily separate them by pouring the mixture through filter paper. The sand will get caught on the paper, leaving clean water to pass through as the filtrate.
Distillation
Distillation is a technique that separates liquids based on differences in their boiling points. Initially, the mixture is heated to turn the liquid with the lower boiling point into vapor. Then, this vapor is cooled down to collect it as a separate liquid.
  • Distillation is highly effective for separating homogeneous mixtures of two or more liquids.
  • This method is essential in industries such as petrochemical refining and alcohol production.
Example: To obtain pure water from salt water, distillation can be used. The salt water is heated until the water evaporates. The vapor is then collected and condensed back into a liquid. The salt remains in the original container, separated from the now-distilled water.
Chromatography
Chromatography is a versatile method used to separate and analyze the different components of a mixture. It involves a mobile phase that carries the mixture through a stationary phase. The different components of the mixture move at different speeds, allowing them to be separated.
  • Chromatography is ideal for separating complex mixtures, such as inks, dyes, and biological samples.
  • It is widely used in laboratories for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Example: If you want to separate different pigments found in ink, you can dissolve the ink in a solvent and use paper chromatography. The different pigments will travel at different speeds on the paper, allowing you to see the distinct components.

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