Chapter 9: Problem 4
Evaluate the given iterated integral. $$ \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1-x} \int_{0}^{\sqrt{y}} 4 x^{2} z^{3} d z d y d x $$
Short Answer
Expert verified
The iterated integral evaluates to \( \frac{1}{180} \).
Step by step solution
01
Evaluate the Inner Integral
First, evaluate the inner integral with respect to \( z \). The integral is \( \int_{0}^{\sqrt{y}} 4 x^{2} z^{3} \, dz \). Using the power rule for integration, we have:\[\int 4 x^{2} z^{3} \, dz = 4 x^{2} \cdot \frac{z^4}{4} = x^{2} z^4\]Evaluate it from \( z = 0 \) to \( z = \sqrt{y} \).\[x^2 (\sqrt{y})^4 - x^2 (0)^4 = x^2 y^2\]
02
Evaluate the Second Integral
Now integrate the result from Step 1 with respect to \( y \):\[\int_{0}^{1-x} x^{2} y^{2} \, dy\]This can again be solved using the power rule:\[\int x^{2} y^{2} \, dy = x^{2} \cdot \frac{y^3}{3}\]Evaluate this from \( y = 0 \) to \( y = 1-x \):\[x^2 \cdot \frac{(1-x)^3}{3} - x^2 \cdot \frac{0^3}{3} = \frac{x^2 (1-x)^3}{3}\]
03
Evaluate the Outer Integral
Lastly, we integrate the result from Step 2 with respect to \( x \):\[\int_{0}^{1} \frac{x^{2} (1-x)^{3}}{3} \, dx\]Expanding \((1-x)^3\), we have:\[(1-x)^3 = 1 - 3x + 3x^2 - x^3\]Thus, the integral becomes:\[\frac{1}{3}\int_{0}^{1} x^2 (1 - 3x + 3x^2 - x^3) \, dx\]Which expands to:\[\frac{1}{3}\int_{0}^{1} (x^2 - 3x^3 + 3x^4 - x^5) \, dx\]Solving each term separately:\[\frac{1}{3}\left[\frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{3x^4}{4} + \frac{3x^5}{5} - \frac{x^6}{6}\right]\text{ from } 0 \text{ to } 1\]Which evaluates to:\[\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{1}{3} - \frac{3}{4} + \frac{3}{5} - \frac{1}{6}\right)\]Finding a common denominator, which is 60, the expression inside the bracket becomes\[\frac{20}{60} - \frac{45}{60} + \frac{36}{60} - \frac{10}{60} = \frac{1}{60}\]Thus, divide by 3 to get the final answer:\[\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{1}{60} = \frac{1}{180}\]
04
Final Evaluation
The final value of the iterated integral is \( \frac{1}{180} \).
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Iterated Integrals
Iterated integrals are a systematic way to evaluate a multiple integral by breaking it down into simpler, single-variable integrals. This structured approach involves integrating one variable at a time, starting from the innermost integral. In our exercise, the given integral is a triple iterated integral:
- First, we integrate with respect to \( z \).
- Then, we integrate the resulting expression with respect to \( y \).
- Finally, we evaluate the outermost integral with respect to \( x \).
Triple Integration
Triple integration is an expansion of the double integral concept, allowing us to integrate functions over three-dimensional regions. In the problem, we are dealing with three independent variables: \( x, y, \) and \( z \).
The integral \( \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1-x} \int_{0}^{\sqrt{y}} 4 x^{2} z^{3} \, dz \, dy \, dx \) represents a volume in a three-dimensional space.
Each integral limits indicates a boundary, creating a box-like region when pieced together. Triple integrals are useful in real-world applications like computing volumes, mass, or charge density over defined regions. By evaluating the given integral step by step, we are essentially finding the accumulation of the function \( 4 x^2 z^3 \) within the specified boundaries.
The integral \( \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{1-x} \int_{0}^{\sqrt{y}} 4 x^{2} z^{3} \, dz \, dy \, dx \) represents a volume in a three-dimensional space.
Each integral limits indicates a boundary, creating a box-like region when pieced together. Triple integrals are useful in real-world applications like computing volumes, mass, or charge density over defined regions. By evaluating the given integral step by step, we are essentially finding the accumulation of the function \( 4 x^2 z^3 \) within the specified boundaries.
Power Rule for Integration
The power rule is a fundamental tool for solving integrals that involve polynomials. It states that \[\int x^n \, dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C, \]where \( C \) is an arbitrary constant. This rule is straightforward but powerful, allowing us to easily integrate terms of the form \( x^n \).
In the exercise, we apply the power rule during each step of the integration process:
In the exercise, we apply the power rule during each step of the integration process:
- First, for the innermost integral \( \int 4 x^2 z^3 \, dz \), we use the power rule to find \( x^2 z^4 \).
- Next, we apply it again to \( \int x^2 y^2 \, dy \), resulting in \( x^2 \frac{y^3}{3} \).
- Lastly, for \( \int (x^2 - 3x^3 + 3x^4 - x^5) \, dx \), each term is integrated individually using the rule.
Change of Order of Integration
Though not explicitly performed in this exercise, changing the order of integration is a powerful technique that can simplify multiple integrals. Sometimes, swapping the order of integration can make the limits cleaner or the function easier to evaluate.
Consider a situation where evaluating one integral first results in complicated limits or expressions; changing the order may resolve this.
To change the order of integration:
Consider a situation where evaluating one integral first results in complicated limits or expressions; changing the order may resolve this.
To change the order of integration:
- Visualize the integration region, often by sketching the boundaries defined by the limits.
- Determine new limits for the alternative order, ensuring they encompass the same region.
- Rewrite the integral with the new order and proceed with integration.