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What percentage of the general U.S. population are high-school dropouts? The Statistical Abstract of the United States, 120 th Edition, gives the percentage of high-school dropouts by state. For convenience, the data are sorted in increasing order. \(\begin{array}{rrrrrrrrrr}5 & 6 & 7 & 7 & 7 & 7 & 8 & 8 & 8 & 8 \\ 8 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 & 10 & 10 \\ 10 & 10 & 10 & 10 & 10 & 10 & 11 & 11 & 11 & 11 \\ 11 & 11 & 11 & 11 & 12 & 12 & 12 & 12 & 13 & 13 \\ 13 & 13 . & 13 & 13 & 14 & 14 & 14 & 14 & 14 & 15\end{array}\) (a) Make a box-and-whisker plot and find the interquartile range. (b) Wyoming has a dropout rate of about \(7 \%\). Into what quartile does this rate fall?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) IQR is 3. (b) Wyoming's dropout rate falls in the first quartile.

Step by step solution

01

Arrange Data and Identify Quartiles

Start by arranging the dropout percentages in order, although it's given in order already. We have total of 50 data points indicating dropout percentages per state. Identify what each quartile represents: 25th percentile (Q1), median (Q2 or 50th percentile), and 75th percentile (Q3). Since our data set is already sorted, let's identify the positions for these quartiles. Q1 is at position (50+1)*0.25=12.75, median at 25.5, and Q3 at 38.25.
02

Calculate Exact Quartile Values

Since we cannot have fractional positions, use the nearest ranks and interpolate if necessary. For Q1 (12.75), take the 12th value (9) and 13th value (9). For the median (Q2), between 25th (10) and 26th (10) values. For Q3(38.25), use 38th value (12) and 39th value (12). Thus, Q1=9, Q2=10.5, and Q3=12.
03

Find the Interquartile Range (IQR)

The Interquartile Range is calculated by subtracting Q1 from Q3, giving IQR=Q3-Q1=12-9=3.
04

Plot Box-and-Whisker Diagram

Draw a number line encompassing the range of dropout rates. Mark minimum (5), Q1 (9), median (10.5), Q3 (12), and maximum (15). Connect Q1, median, and Q3 into a box and extend lines (whiskers) to the smallest and largest data points.
05

Determine the Quartile for Wyoming's Rate

Wyoming's dropout rate is 7%. Since Q1 (9) has a higher dropout rate, this places Wyoming's rate in the first quartile, as it is less than 25% of the values in the data set.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Interquartile Range
The interquartile range (IQR) is a very useful statistic that helps you understand the spread of the middle half of your data. In simpler terms, it shows you where most of your data lies. To find it, you subtract the first quartile (Q1) from the third quartile (Q3).
This means, \[ \text{IQR} = Q3 - Q1 \] To understand it better, think of the IQR as the 鈥渕eaty鈥 part of your data set, excluding the lowest and highest 25% of values. In our context of high-school dropout rates, the IQR highlights the range where most states' dropout rates fall, excluding the outliers or extreme values usually on the ends. By focusing on this range, you can determine how typical the values such as Wyoming鈥檚 dropout rate are, compared to other states.
Quartile
Quartiles divide your data into four equal parts, giving you a comprehensive picture of the distribution. Each quartile represents a segment of your data:
  • Q1 (First Quartile): The 25th percentile; 25% of data falls below this point.
  • Q2 (Second Quartile): Also the median or 50th percentile; half of the data is below this point.
  • Q3 (Third Quartile): The 75th percentile; 75% of data is below this value.
In the context of the dropout rates, identifying these quartiles helps to understand how states are distributed in terms of dropout percentages. For Wyoming, whose dropout rate is 7%, determining its quartile placement helps to quickly identify that it performs better than a significant portion of other states, falling in the first quartile.
Dropout Rate
The dropout rate is an essential statistic in understanding the educational landscape. It represents the percentage of students who do not complete their high school education. This rate is crucial for policy-making and educational reform as it affects the economy and society at large. For example, high dropout rates might indicate underlying issues such as economic challenges, lack of educational resources, or socio-cultural barriers. In our given data set, each number represents a state鈥檚 dropout rate, showing how varied these rates can be. The lower the rate, like Wyoming鈥檚 7%, the better it potentially reflects on that state鈥檚 educational system and support structures for students.
Statistical Abstract
A statistical abstract is a summarized collection of statistics, providing a snapshot of trends and important figures across various sectors. Containing data like the dropout rates from every state, such publications help inform decisions and policies. They serve as reliable references for researchers, policymakers, or anyone interested in understanding deeper nationwide trends. For educators and analysts, statistical abstracts are invaluable for tracking progress, benchmarking, and identifying areas needing attention or improvement. By analyzing such data, schools and governments can allocate resources more effectively and address areas where dropout rates are a significant concern, tailoring interventions to target the states or demographics that need it most.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

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Some data sets include values so high or so low that they seem to stand apart from the rest of the data. These data are called outliers. Outliers may represent data collection errors, data entry errors, or simply valid but unusual data values. It is important to identify outliers in the data set and examine the outliers carefully to determine if they are in error. One way to detect outliers is to use a box-and-whisker plot. Data values that fall beyond the limits Lower limit: \(Q_{1}-1.5 \times(I Q R)\) Upper limit: \(Q_{3}+1.5 \times(I Q R)\) where \(I Q R\) is the interquartile range, are suspected outliers. In the computer software package Minitab, values beyond these limits are plotted with asterisks \(\left(^{*}\right)\) Students from a statistics class were asked to record their heights in inches. The heights (as recorded) were \(\begin{array}{llllllllllll}65 & 72 & 68 & 64 & 60 & 55 & 73 & 71 & 52 & 63 & 61 & 74 \\ 69 & 67 & 74 & 50 & 4 & 75 & 67 & 62 & 66 & 80 & 64 & 65\end{array}\) (a) Make a box-and-whisker plot of the data. (b) Find the value of the interquartile range \((I Q R)\). (c) Multiply the \(I Q R\) by \(1.5\) and find the lower and upper limits. (d) Are there any data values below the lower limit? above the upper limit? List any suspected outliers. What might be some explanations for the outliers?

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