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Chapter 4: Q. 69 (page 265)

Treating prostate disease A large study used records from Canada鈥檚 national health care system to compare the effectiveness of two ways to treat prostate disease. The two treatments are traditional surgery and a new method that does not require surgery. The records described many patients whose doctors had chosen what method to use. The study found that patients treated by the new method were more likely to die within8years.

a. Further study of the data showed that this conclusion was wrong. The extra deaths among patients who were treated with the new method could be explained by other variables. What other variables might be confounded with a doctor鈥檚 choice of surgical or nonsurgical treatment?

b. You have300prostate patients who are willing to serve as subjects in an experiment to compare the two methods. Write a few sentences describing a completely randomized design for this experiment.

Short Answer

Expert verified

(a) The other variables controlling the treatments are the patients' conditions and also the money they have.

(b) The patients can be divided in various ways to choose between both treatments, like half can undergo surgical methods and the other half can go with non-surgical methods.

Step by step solution

01

Part (a) Step 1: Given Information

We are given an experiment where doctors are using two methods to treat patients, surgical and non-surgical, and we have to find out other variables which can affect the methods.

02

Part (a) Step 2: Explanation

According to the question, doctors have to advise patients about the treatments they can undergo that are surgical or non-surgical. But besides treatments, there are other variables which can affect the treatments, like the condition of the patient and the amount of money they have.

03

Part (b) Step 1: Given Information

We are given an experiment where doctors are using two methods to treat patients, surgical and non-surgical, and we have to find out how three hundred patients can be randomized.

04

Part (b) Step 2: Explanation

According to the question, three hundred patients are available, and the patients should be randomized in such a way that fifty students should undergo surgical methods and the other one hundred fifty should undergo non-surgical methods. Another one can be in such a way that one hundred forty students can undergo surgical methods and one sixty students can undergo non-surgical methods and there are many other ways for randomization.

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a. Give an example of a way to choose a voluntary response sample of students. Explain how this method could lead to bias.

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