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Chapter 2: Problem 50

Give an example of an experiment for each of the following: a. Single-blind experiment with the subjects blinded b. Single-blind experiment with the individuals measuring the response blinded c. Double-blind experiment d. An experiment for which it is not possible to blind the subjects

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. Single-blind experiment with the subjects blinded - a clinical testing of new drug vs placebo, b. Single-blind experiment with the individuals measuring the response blinded - comparison of a new teaching method with traditional method, c. Double-blind experiment - a study examining the effectiveness of a new weight loss supplement, d. An experiment for which it is not possible to blind the subjects - comparing effectiveness of physical therapy to surgery for knee problems.

Step by step solution

01

Single-blind Experiment with Subjects Blinded

In a clinical trial to test the efficacy of a new drug against headaches, patients (the subjects) are divided into two groups. One group receives the new drug while the other receives a placebo. Neither of the patients know if they are taking the new drug or the placebo.
02

Single-blind Experiment with the Individuals Measuring the Response Blinded

In a research study to measure the effects of a new teaching method on student performance, students are divided into two groups. One group is taught using the new method while the other uses the traditional method. The teachers who evaluate student performance (the individuals measuring the response) don't know which students were taught using which method.
03

Double-blind Experiment

In a study to evaluate the effectiveness of a new weight loss supplement, participants are divided into two groups. One group is given the new supplement while the other is given a placebo. Neither the participants nor the researchers conducting the study know who is receiving the supplement and who is receiving the placebo.
04

An Experiment in which it is Not Possible to Blind the Subjects

In a study to determine the effectiveness of physical therapy versus surgery for knee injuries. The patients obviously know whether they're being subjected to physical therapy or surgery so it's impossible to blind them in this case.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Single-Blind Experiment
In a single-blind experiment, either the participant or the researcher is unaware of the key aspects of the study. This technique is commonly used to prevent bias, particularly the placebo effect, which occurs when participants' expectations influence the outcomes. For example, in a clinical trial testing a new headache medication, participants are divided into two groups. One receives the actual drug, while the other receives a placebo. The subjects do not know which group they are in, minimizing their expectations from influencing the results. This type of experiment is essential when the outcomes can be subconsciously influenced by the subjects' perceptions.

Exercise Improvement Advice

  • To enhance the understanding of a single-blind experiment, it's helpful to discuss the rationale behind keeping participants in the dark and provide multiple examples across different fields of study.
  • Explaining the types of biases that this method aims to reduce can also clarify the importance of blinding in research.
Double-Blind Experiment
A step beyond the single-blind experiment, the double-blind experiment takes the blinding one level further. In this case, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of critical aspects of the trial to ensure that neither party鈥檚 biases impact the results. For instance, in a study evaluating a new weight loss supplement, neither the participants receiving the supplement or placebo nor the researchers know who belongs to which group. This method is regarded as the gold standard in experimental research, particularly in clinical trials, due to its effectiveness in preventing bias from all involved parties.

Exercise Improvement Advice

  • Further discussion on the effects of double blinding on data integrity can deepen students' appreciation of the processes that ensure unbiased and reliable results.
  • Including examples of how double-blinding is implemented in different study designs can broaden the student's ability to recognise and appreciate the complexity and necessity of such an approach.
Clinical Trial
A clinical trial is a research study designed to evaluate the effects, risks, and benefits of medical interventions, such as drugs, devices, or treatments. These trials can be structured as single-blind, double-blind, or even open-label in cases where blinding is not possible. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the most rigorous type of clinical trial design. RCTs provide evidence of cause and effect by comparing an experimental group with a control group, while randomization serves to distribute confounding factors evenly.

Exercise Improvement Advice

  • Discussing the ethical considerations of clinical trials, including informed consent and the balance of risk versus benefit, can foster a deeper understanding of the human impact behind the study designs.
  • Comparing clinical trials with other forms of research can highlight why they are often considered the 'gold standard' for evidence in medicine.
Placebo Effect
The placebo effect is a remarkable phenomenon whereby a person's condition can improve after receiving a treatment with no therapeutic value鈥攕imply because they believe it's real. It demonstrates the power of the mind-body connection and highlights why placebos are crucial in clinical trials. Placebo-controlled studies are designed to differentiate between the actual effectiveness of a treatment and the effects of participants' expectations. By controlling for the placebo effect, researchers can determine the true efficacy of interventions.

Exercise Improvement Advice

  • Illustrating the placebo effect through real-world examples can help students grasp its implications in healthcare and research.
  • Discussing the ethical considerations involved in using placebos, such as when it is appropriate to use a placebo control, can lead to a nuanced discussion about research methodology.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The article "Television's Value to Kids: It's All in How They Use It" (Seattle Times, July 6,2005\()\) described a study in which researchers analyzed standardized test results and television viewing habits of 1700 children. They found that children who averaged more than 2 hours of television viewing per day when they were younger than 3 tended to score lower on measures of reading ability and short-term memory. a. Is the study described an observational study or an experiment? b. Is it reasonable to conclude that watching two or more hours of television is the cause of lower reading scores? Explain.

The following paragraph appeared in USA Today (August 6,2009\()\) : Cement doesn't hold up to scrutiny A common treatment that uses medical cement to fix cracks in the spinal bones of elderly people worked no better than a sham treatment, the first rigorous studies of a popular procedure reveal. Pain and disability were virtually the same up to six months later, whether patients had a real treatment or a fake one, shows the research in today's \(N e w\) England Journal of Medicine. Tens of thousands of Americans each year are treated with bone cement, especially older women with osteoporosis. The researchers said it is yet another example of a procedure coming into wide use before proven safe and effective. Medicare pays \(\$ 1,500\) to \(\$ 2,100\) for the outpatient procedure. The paper referenced in this paragraph is "A Randomized Trial of Vertebroplasty for Painful Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures" ( New England Journal of Medicine [2009]: \(557-568\) ). Obtain a copy of this paper through your university library or your instructor. Read the following sections of the paper: the abstract on page \(557 ;\) the study design section on page 558 ; the participants section on pages \(558-559 ;\) the outcome assessment section on pages \(559-560 ;\) and the discussion section that begins on page 564 . The summary of this study that appeared in \(U S A\) Today consisted of just one paragraph. If the newspaper had allowed four paragraphs, other important aspects of the study could have been included. Write a fourparagraph summary that the paper could have used. Remember-you are writing for the USA Today audience, not for the readers of the New England Journal of Medicine!

A survey of affluent Americans (those with incomes of \(\$ 75,000\) or more) indicated that \(57 \%\) would rather have more time than more money (USA Today, January 29,2003 ). a. What condition on how the data were collected would make the generalization from the sample to the population of affluent Americans reasonable? b. Would it be reasonable to generalize from the sample to say that \(57 \%\) of all Americans would rather have more time than more money? Explain.

Swedish researchers concluded that viewing and discussing art soothes the soul and helps relieve medical conditions such as high blood pressure and constipation (AFP International News Agency, October \(14,\) 2005). This conclusion was based on a study in which 20 elderly women gathered once a week to discuss different works of art. The study also included a control group of 20 elderly women who met once a week to discuss their hobbies and interests. At the end of 4 months, the art discussion group was found to have a more positive attitude, to have lower blood pressure, and to use fewer laxatives than the control group. a. Why would it be important to determine if the researchers assigned the women participating in the study at random to one of the two groups? b. Explain why you think that the researchers included a control group in this study.

The article "Gene's Role in Cancer May Be Overstated" (San Luis Obispo Tribune, August 21, 2002) states that "early studies that evaluated breast cancer risk among gene mutation carriers selected women in families where sisters, mothers, and grandmothers all had breast cancer. This created a statistical bias that skewed risk estimates for women in the general population." Is the bias described here selection bias, measurement bias, or nonresponse bias? Explain.
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