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Chapter 2: Problem 50

Give an example of an experiment for each of the following: a. Single-blind experiment with the subjects blinded b. Single-blind experiment with the individuals measuring the response blinded c. Double-blind experiment d. An experiment for which it is not possible to blind the subjects

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. Single-blind experiment with the subjects blinded - a clinical testing of new drug vs placebo, b. Single-blind experiment with the individuals measuring the response blinded - comparison of a new teaching method with traditional method, c. Double-blind experiment - a study examining the effectiveness of a new weight loss supplement, d. An experiment for which it is not possible to blind the subjects - comparing effectiveness of physical therapy to surgery for knee problems.

Step by step solution

01

Single-blind Experiment with Subjects Blinded

In a clinical trial to test the efficacy of a new drug against headaches, patients (the subjects) are divided into two groups. One group receives the new drug while the other receives a placebo. Neither of the patients know if they are taking the new drug or the placebo.
02

Single-blind Experiment with the Individuals Measuring the Response Blinded

In a research study to measure the effects of a new teaching method on student performance, students are divided into two groups. One group is taught using the new method while the other uses the traditional method. The teachers who evaluate student performance (the individuals measuring the response) don't know which students were taught using which method.
03

Double-blind Experiment

In a study to evaluate the effectiveness of a new weight loss supplement, participants are divided into two groups. One group is given the new supplement while the other is given a placebo. Neither the participants nor the researchers conducting the study know who is receiving the supplement and who is receiving the placebo.
04

An Experiment in which it is Not Possible to Blind the Subjects

In a study to determine the effectiveness of physical therapy versus surgery for knee injuries. The patients obviously know whether they're being subjected to physical therapy or surgery so it's impossible to blind them in this case.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Single-Blind Experiment
In a single-blind experiment, either the participant or the researcher is unaware of the key aspects of the study. This technique is commonly used to prevent bias, particularly the placebo effect, which occurs when participants' expectations influence the outcomes. For example, in a clinical trial testing a new headache medication, participants are divided into two groups. One receives the actual drug, while the other receives a placebo. The subjects do not know which group they are in, minimizing their expectations from influencing the results. This type of experiment is essential when the outcomes can be subconsciously influenced by the subjects' perceptions.

Exercise Improvement Advice

  • To enhance the understanding of a single-blind experiment, it's helpful to discuss the rationale behind keeping participants in the dark and provide multiple examples across different fields of study.
  • Explaining the types of biases that this method aims to reduce can also clarify the importance of blinding in research.
Double-Blind Experiment
A step beyond the single-blind experiment, the double-blind experiment takes the blinding one level further. In this case, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of critical aspects of the trial to ensure that neither party鈥檚 biases impact the results. For instance, in a study evaluating a new weight loss supplement, neither the participants receiving the supplement or placebo nor the researchers know who belongs to which group. This method is regarded as the gold standard in experimental research, particularly in clinical trials, due to its effectiveness in preventing bias from all involved parties.

Exercise Improvement Advice

  • Further discussion on the effects of double blinding on data integrity can deepen students' appreciation of the processes that ensure unbiased and reliable results.
  • Including examples of how double-blinding is implemented in different study designs can broaden the student's ability to recognise and appreciate the complexity and necessity of such an approach.
Clinical Trial
A clinical trial is a research study designed to evaluate the effects, risks, and benefits of medical interventions, such as drugs, devices, or treatments. These trials can be structured as single-blind, double-blind, or even open-label in cases where blinding is not possible. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the most rigorous type of clinical trial design. RCTs provide evidence of cause and effect by comparing an experimental group with a control group, while randomization serves to distribute confounding factors evenly.

Exercise Improvement Advice

  • Discussing the ethical considerations of clinical trials, including informed consent and the balance of risk versus benefit, can foster a deeper understanding of the human impact behind the study designs.
  • Comparing clinical trials with other forms of research can highlight why they are often considered the 'gold standard' for evidence in medicine.
Placebo Effect
The placebo effect is a remarkable phenomenon whereby a person's condition can improve after receiving a treatment with no therapeutic value鈥攕imply because they believe it's real. It demonstrates the power of the mind-body connection and highlights why placebos are crucial in clinical trials. Placebo-controlled studies are designed to differentiate between the actual effectiveness of a treatment and the effects of participants' expectations. By controlling for the placebo effect, researchers can determine the true efficacy of interventions.

Exercise Improvement Advice

  • Illustrating the placebo effect through real-world examples can help students grasp its implications in healthcare and research.
  • Discussing the ethical considerations involved in using placebos, such as when it is appropriate to use a placebo control, can lead to a nuanced discussion about research methodology.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Suppose that a group of 1000 orange trees is laid out in 40 rows of 25 trees each. To determine the sugar content of fruit from a sample of 30 trees, researcher \(A\) suggests randomly selecting five rows and then randomly selecting six trees from each sampled row. Researcher \(\mathrm{B}\) suggests numbering each tree on a map of the trees from 1 to 1000 and using random numbers to select 30 of the trees. Which selection method is preferred? Explain.

For each of the situations described, state whether the sampling procedure is simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, or convenience sampling. a. All first-year students at a university are enrolled in 1 of 30 sections of a seminar course. To select a sample of freshmen at this university, a researcher selects four sections of the seminar course at random from the 30 sections and all students in the four selected sections are included in the sample. b. To obtain a sample of students, faculty, and staff at a university, a researcher randomly selects 50 faculty members from a list of faculty, 100 students from a list of students, and 30 staff members from a list of staff. c. A university researcher obtains a sample of students at his university by using the 85 students enrolled in his Psychology 101 class. d. To obtain a sample of the seniors at a particular high school, a researcher writes the name of each senior on a slip of paper, places the slips in a box and mixes them, and then selects 10 slips. The students whose names are on the selected slips of paper are included in the sample. e. To obtain a sample of those attending a basketball game, a researcher selects the 24 th person through the door. Then, every 50 th person after that is also included in the sample.

Can choosing the right music make wine taste better? This question was investigated by a researcher at a university in Edinburgh (www. decanter.com/news). Each of 250 volunteers was assigned at random to one of five rooms where they were asked to taste and rate a glass of wine. In one of the rooms, no music was playing and a different style of music was playing in each of the other four rooms. The researchers concluded that cabernet sauvignon is perceived as being richer and more robust when bold music is played than when no music is heard. a. Is the study described an observational study or an experiment? b. Can a case be made for the researcher's conclusion that the music played was the cause for the higher rating? Explain.

Briefly explain why it is advisable to avoid the use of convenience samples.

Researchers at the University of Houston decided to test the hypothesis that restaurant servers who squat to the level of their customers would receive a larger tip ("Effect of Server Posture on Restaurant Tipping." Journal of Applied Social Psychology [1993]: \(678-685)\). In the experiment, the waiter would flip a coin to determine whether he would stand or squat next to the table. The waiter would record the amount of the bill and of the tip and whether he stood or squatted. a. Describe the treatments and the response variable. b. Discuss possible extraneous variables and how they could be controlled. c. Discuss whether blocking would be necessary. d. Identify possible confounding variables. e. Discuss the role of random assignment in this experiment.
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