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Chapter 1: Problem 2

For each of the statistical studies described indicate whether the study is an observational study or an experiment. Give a brief explanation for your choice. The article "Tots TV-Watching May Spur Attention Problems" (San Luis Obispo Tribune, April 4,2004\()\) described a study that appeared in the journal Pediatrics. Researchers looked at records of 2,500 children who were participating in a long-term health study. They found that \(10 \%\) of these children had attention disorders at age 7 and that the number of hours of television watched at ages 1 and 3 was associated with an increased risk of having an attention disorder at age 7 .

Short Answer

Expert verified
The study described in the article 'Tots TV-Watching May Spur Attention Problems' is an observational study, as researchers merely observed and collected data without manipulating any conditions or variables.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the Type of Study

In this case, researchers looked at records of 2,500 children who were participating in a long-term health study. They gathered existing data, without manipulating any factors such as the number of hours the children watched television. This indicates an observational study.
02

Reason for the Identification

They found that 10 percent of these children had attention disorders at age 7 and there was an association between the amount of television watched at ages 1 and 3 and the attention disorder at age 7. The researchers didn鈥檛 control or affect any variables, they only observed and analyzed the available data for possible relationships. This is a primary feature of observational studies.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Attention Problems
Attention problems in children can manifest in various ways such as difficulty staying focused, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. These challenges can have a significant impact on a child's learning and social interactions.
In the context of the observational study mentioned, attention problems were the focus of the research. It was found that a portion of children, specifically 10%, showed attention disorders at age 7.
Understanding attention problems involves recognizing patterns and risk factors that might contribute to them. In this study, one such potential risk factor identified was the number of hours spent watching television by young children.
Opening discussions about attention problems encourages awareness among parents and educators, highlighting the importance of monitoring activities that might affect a child's attention.
Data Analysis
Data analysis is the process of inspecting and interpreting data to discover useful information. In observational studies, this is crucial as it helps unearth relationships between different variables.
In this example, data analysis involved examining records of 2,500 children. Researchers specifically looked at how many hours of television these children watched and any correlation with attention disorders at age 7.
  • Analyzing data allows researchers to find associations without manipulating variables, essential for observational studies.
  • Findings in this study highlight the potential link between early childhood television exposure and later attention issues.
Through this careful analysis, researchers can present findings that might lead to further research or influence public recommendations on children's media consumption.
Long-term Health Study
A long-term health study follows participants over an extended period to assess how different exposures and activities affect health outcomes. These studies are invaluable for understanding the dynamics of health conditions that take time to manifest.
In the described observational study, children were monitored for health markers over several years, providing comprehensive insights into their developmental milestones and health outcomes.
  • Long-term health studies are important for finding patterns that might not be obvious in shorter studies.
  • They provide robust data covering different stages of life, which can be particularly important for children's development and health.
By using a long-term approach, researchers could correlate early life exposures, such as television viewing, with later outcomes like attention problems, offering valuable guidance for preventive health strategies.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A study of college students showed a temporary gain of up to nine IQ points after listening to a Mozart piano sonata. This result, dubbed the Mozart effect, has since been criticized by a number of researchers who have been unable to confirm the result in similar studies. Suppose that you want to determine if there is really is a Mozart effect. You decide to carry out an experiment with three experimental groups. One group will listen to a Mozart piano sonata that lasts 24 minutes. The second group will listen to popular music for the same length of time, and the third group will relax for 24 minutes with no music playing. You will measure IQ before and after the 24 minute period. Suppose that you have 45 volunteers who have agreed to participate in the experiment. Describe a method of randomly assigning each of the volunteers to one of the experimental groups.

A study described in Food Network Magazine (January 2012) concluded that people who push a shopping cart at a grocery store are less likely to purchase junk food than those who use a hand-held basket. a. Do you think this study was an observational study or an experiment? b. Is it reasonable to conclude that pushing a shopping cart causes people to be less likely to purchase junk food? Explain why or why not.

Does playing action video games provide more than just entertainment? The authors of the paper "ActionVideo-Game Experience Alters the Spatial Resolution of Vision" (Psychological Science [2007]: \(88-94\) ) concluded that spatial resolution, an important aspect of vision, is improved by playing action video games. They based this conclusion on data from an experiment in which 32 volunteers who had not played action video games were "equally and randomly divided between the experimental and control groups." Subjects in each group played a video game for 30 hours over a period of 6 weeks. Those in the experimental group played Unreal Tournament 2004 , an action video game. Those in the control group played Tetris, a game that does not require the user to process multiple objects at once. Explain why it was important for the researchers to randomly assign the subjects to the two groups.

The article "Bicyclists and Other Cyclists" (Annals of Emergency Medicine [2010]: 426) reported that in 2008 , 716 bicyclists were killed on public roadways in the United States and that the average age of the cyclists killed was 41 years. These figures were based on an analysis of the records of all traffic-related deaths of bicyclists on U.S. public roadways (this information is kept by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration). a. Does the group of 716 bicycle fatalities represent a census or a sample of the bicycle fatalities in \(2008 ?\) b. If the population of interest is bicycle traffic fatalities in 2008 , is the given average age of 41 years a statistic or a population characteristic?

The article "l'd Like to Buy a Vowel, Drivers Say" (USA Today, August 7,2001 ) speculates that young people prefer automobile names that consist of just numbers and letters and that do not form a word (such as Hyundai's \(\mathrm{XG} 300\), Mazda's \(626,\) and BMW's \(325 \mathrm{i}\) ). The article goes on to state that Hyundai had planned to identify the car that was eventually marketed as the XG300 with the name Concerto, until they determined that consumers hated it and thought that XG300 sounded more "technical" and deserving of a higher price. Do the students at your school feel the same way? Suppose that a list of all the students at your school is available. Describe how you would use the list to select a simple random sample of 150 students. (Hint: see discussion on page 14 on selecting a random sample)
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