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Chapter 1: Problem 20

In Problems 11-22, identify the type of sampling used. The presider of a guest-lecture series at a university stands outside the auditorium before a lecture begins and hands every fifth person who arrives, beginning with the third, a speaker evaluation survey to be completed and returned at the end of the program.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Systematic sampling

Step by step solution

01

- Understand the Scenario

Read the problem carefully to understand the method used to distribute the surveys. Here, the presider is standing outside and giving a survey to every fifth person starting from the third person.
02

- Identify Key Characteristics

Notice that every fifth person is chosen systematically, beginning with a specific individual (the third person). This pattern in selection is key to identifying the sampling method.
03

- Relate Characteristics to Sampling Types

Systematic sampling involves selecting every k-th individual from a population, where k is a fixed interval. Here, the interval k is 5 (every fifth person), aligning with the definition of systematic sampling.
04

- Confirm the Sampling Type

Since the presider uses a fixed interval (every fifth person), this is systematic sampling. Other types like random, stratified, or cluster sampling do not fit the described method.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Sampling Methods
Sampling methods are essential techniques used by researchers to select individuals from a population for their study. There are several primary types of sampling methods:
  • Random Sampling: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
  • Systematic Sampling: Selection follows a fixed pattern or interval.
  • Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into subgroups, and samples are taken from each group.
  • Cluster Sampling: The population is divided into clusters, some of which are randomly selected for the sample.
The choice of sampling method impacts the reliability and validity of a study. For example, systematic sampling, like in the exercise, ensures a spread sample across the population, reducing bias within a certain level of regularity.
Systematic Sampling
Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling where participants are selected following a specific pattern or interval. To implement systematic sampling effectively, follow these steps: Start from a random point, and then select every k-th person. For instance, in the given exercise, the presider chooses every fifth person, starting from the third. Systematic sampling is beneficial because:
  • It's straightforward and easy to implement.
  • It distributes the sample evenly across the population.
  • It reduces selection bias compared to simple random sampling.
However, be cautious as systematic sampling may introduce bias if there's a hidden pattern in the population that matches the sampling interval.
Survey Distribution
Survey distribution refers to the method by which surveys are given out to participants in a research study. Effective survey distribution ensures that the collected data is representative and reliable. Several methods to distribute surveys include:
  • Mail Surveys: Surveys are sent to participants via postal service.
  • Online Surveys: Participants complete the survey on a digital platform.
  • In-person Surveys: Surveys are handed out and collected personally, like in the exercise.
The choice of distribution method can affect response rates and the quality of data. For instance, handing out surveys at an event, like in the exercise, can increase the likelihood of immediate responses and higher response rates but may also lead to time constraints for respondents.
Educational Research
Educational research focuses on generating knowledge and understanding about educational practices, systems, and learner outcomes. In this context, different sampling methods, including systematic sampling, play a crucial role in gathering accurate data. Important aspects of educational research include:
  • Purpose: Understanding the effectiveness of educational interventions, policies, and instructional methods.
  • Types: Experimental, descriptive, correlational, and qualitative research fall under educational research.
  • Data Collection: Surveys, interviews, observations, and standardized tests are commonly used.
Applying systematic sampling in educational research ensures a structured approach to participant selection, leading to more reliable results and valid conclusions that can inform teaching practices and policy decisions.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Professor Andy Neill wanted to determine if the reaction time of people differs in their dominant hand versus their nondominant hand. To do this, he recruited 15 students. Each student was asked to hold a yardstick between the index finger and thumb. The student was asked to open the hand, release the yardstick, and then catch the yardstick between the index finger and thumb. The distance that the yardstick fell served as a measure of reaction time. A coin flip was used to determine whether the student would use their dominant hand first or the nondominant hand. Results indicated that the reaction time in the dominant hand exceeded that of the nondominant hand. (a) What type of experimental design is this? (b) What is the response variable in this study? (c) What is the treatment? (d) Identify the experimental units. (e) Why did Professor Neill use a coin flip to determine whether the student should begin with the dominant hand or the nondominant hand? (f) Draw a diagram similar to Figure \(7,8,\) or 10 to illustrate the design.

The survey has bias. (a) Determine the type of bias. (b) Suggest a remedy. A polling organization conducts a study to estimate the percentage of households that speaks a foreign language as the primary language. It mails a questionnaire to 1023 randomly selected households throughout the United States and asks the head of household if a foreign language is the primary language spoken in the home. Of the 1023 households selected, 12 responded.

Researchers wanted to evaluate whether ginkgo, an over-the-counter herb marketed as enhancing memory, improves memory in elderly adults as measured by objective tests. To do this, they recruited 98 men and 132 women older than 60 years and in good health. Participants were randomly assigned to receive ginkgo, 40 milligrams (mg) 3 times per day, or a matching placebo. The measure of memory improvement was determined by a standardized test of learning and memory. After 6 weeks of treatment, the data indicated that ginkgo did not increase performance on standard tests of learning, memory, attention, and concentration. These data suggest that, when taken following the manufacturer's instructions, ginkgo provides no measurable increase in memory or related cognitive function to adults with healthy cognitive function. (a) What type of experimental design is this? (b) What is the population being studied? (c) What is the response variable in this study? (d) What is the factor that is set to predetermined levels? What are the treatments? (e) Identify the experimental units. (f) What is the control group in this study? (g) Draw a diagram similar to Figure \(7,8,\) or 10 to illustrate the design.

A student entering a doctoral program in educational psychology is required to select two courses from the list of courses provided as part of his or her program. EPR 616, Research in Child Development EPR 630, Educational Research Planning and Interpretation EPR 631, Nonparametric Statistics EPR 632, Methods of Multivariate Analysis EPR 645, Theory of Measurement EPR 649, Fieldwork Methods in Educational Research EPR \(650,\) Interpretive Methods in Educational Research (a) List all possible two-course selections. (b) Comment on the likelihood that the pair of courses EPR 630 and EPR 645 will be selected.

Determine the level of measurement of each variable. Year of birth of college students
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