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Chapter 1: Problem 14

Determine whether the study depicts an observational study or an experiment. Two hundred people are asked to perform a taste test in which they drink from two randomly placed, unmarked cups and asked which drink they prefer.

Short Answer

Expert verified
This study is an experiment.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Definition of Observational Study

An observational study involves observing subjects and measuring variables of interest without assigning treatments to the subjects. The researcher does not influence the subjects' responses.
02

Understand the Definition of Experiment

An experiment involves manipulating one or more variables to determine their effect on a response variable. Treatments are deliberately imposed on the subjects by the researcher.
03

Analyze Key Elements of the Taste Test

In the given exercise, two hundred people are asked to perform a taste test with two randomly placed, unmarked cups and express their preference. The researcher is controlling which drinks the participants taste and in what manner.
04

Categorize the Study

Since the researcher is controlling certain factors (the drinks and their placement), this study involves manipulation, which means it is an experiment.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Observational Study
An observational study is a type of research where the investigator observes subjects and measures variables of interest without manipulating any variables. In other words, the researcher does not intervene or alter the conditions. They simply collect data as it naturally occurs.
For example:
  • Watching birds in a park to see which species visit a specific feeder.
  • Recording temperatures across a city without changing weather conditions.
The key aspect of observational studies is the lack of control over the variables. Researchers gather information without interfering, allowing them to see what happens naturally.
Experiment
An experiment is a study in which one or more variables are manipulated by the researcher to observe the effect on a response variable. This means the investigator actively intervenes and controls the conditions.
Essential elements of an experiment include:
  • The independent variable(s): the variable(s) manipulated by the researcher.
  • The dependent variable: the outcome or response measured.
  • Control group: used to compare the effect of the manipulation.
For example, a scientist might change the amount of sunlight different plants receive to determine its effect on growth rates. By manipulating variables, experiments can help determine cause-and-effect relationships.
Manipulation of Variables
Manipulating variables is a critical part of conducting an experiment. It involves changing one or more factors to observe their effect on another variable. The manipulated variable(s) are called the independent variable(s). The variable that responds to the changes is called the dependent variable.
In our taste test example, manipulation happens because:
  • The types of drinks (independent variable) are chosen by the researchers.
  • The preference for one drink over another (dependent variable) is recorded.
Through manipulation, researchers aim to determine how differences in the independent variable(s) cause changes in the dependent variable. This helps in understanding the relationship between variables.
Taste Test Analysis
In a taste test analysis, participants are asked to try different products and express their preferences. This can be used for various purposes, such as product development or marketing strategies. The setup usually involves:
  • Randomly assigning the order or placement of samples.
  • Using unmarked or blind samples to avoid bias.
  • Collecting participants' feedback on their preferences.
In the given exercise, 200 people taste drinks from two randomly placed, unmarked cups. This setup ensures that the preference is based only on the taste and not influenced by packaging or branding. The controlled placement and anonymity of the samples indicate that it is an experiment rather than an observational study.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Determine the level of measurement of each variable. Year of birth of college students

In your own words, define the four levels of measurement of a variable. Give an example of each.

Is there an association between level of happiness and the risk of heart disease? Researchers studied 1739 people over a 10 year period and asked questions about their daily lives and the hassles they face. The researchers also determined which individuals in the study experienced any type of heart disease. After their analysis, they concluded that happy individuals are less likely to experience heart disease. Source: European Heart Journal \(31(9): 1065-1070,\) February \(2010 .\) (a) What type of observational study is this? Explain. (b) What is the response variable? What is the explanatory variable? (c) In the report, the researchers stated that "the research team also hasn't ruled out that a common factor like genetics could be causing both the emotions and the heart disease." Use the language introduced in this section to explain what this sentence means.

The following abstract appears in The New England Journal of Medicine: BACKGROUND. The relation between passive smoking and lung cancer is of great public health importance. Some previous studies have suggested that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the household can cause lung cancer, but others have found no effect. Smoking by the spouse has been the most commonly used measure of this exposure. METHODS. In order to determine whether lung cancer is associated with exposure to tobacco smoke within the household, we conducted a case-control study of 191 patients with lung cancer who had never smoked and an equal number of persons without lung cancer who had never smoked. Lifetime residential histories including information on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke were compiled and analyzed. Exposure was measured in terms of "smokeryears," determined by multiplying the number of years in each residence by the number of smokers in the household. RESULTS. Household exposure to 25 or more smoker-years during childhood and adolescence doubled the risk of lung cancer. Approximately 15 percent of the control subjects who had never smoked reported this level of exposure. Household exposure of less than 25 smoker-years during childhood and adolescence did not increase the risk of lung cancer. Exposure to a spouse's smoking, which constituted less than one third of total household exposure on average, was not associated with an increase in risk. CONCLUSIONS. The possibility of recall bias and other methodologic problems may influence the results of casecontrol studies of environmental tobacco smoke. Nonetheless, our findings regarding exposure during early life suggest that approximately 17 percent of lung cancers among nonsmokers can be attributed to high levels of exposure to cigarette smoke during childhood and adolescence. (a) What is the research objective? (b) What makes this study a case-control study? Why is this a retrospective study? (c) What is the response variable in the study? Is it qualitative or quantitative? (d) What is the explanatory variable in the study? Is it qualitative or quantitative? (e) Can you identify any lurking variables that may have affected this study? (f) What is the conclusion of the study? Can we conclude that exposure to smoke in the household causes lung cancer? (g) Would it be possible to design an experiment to answer the research question in part (a)? Explain.

The survey has bias. (a) Determine the type of bias. (b) Suggest a remedy. The village of Oak Lawn wishes to conduct a study regarding the income level of households within the village. The village manager selects 10 homes in the southwest corner of the village and sends an interviewer to the homes to determine household income.
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