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Chapter 1: Problem 1

In your own words, define explanatory variable and response variable.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The explanatory variable is the independent varible manipulated to see its effect on another variable, while the response variable measures this effect and depends on the explanatory variable.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Explanatory Variable

The explanatory variable is the variable that is manipulated or categorized to observe its effect on another variable. It's also known as the independent variable because it stands alone and isn't affected by other variables in the experiment.
02

Understanding Response Variable

The response variable is the variable that measures the effect of the explanatory variable. It's also known as the dependent variable because its value depends on changes in the explanatory variable.
03

Example Illustration

For example, if studying the effect of study time on test scores, the study time is the explanatory variable, and the test scores are the response variable because test scores depend on the amount of study time.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Response Variable
The response variable is an essential concept in experiments and data analysis. It is the outcome or the variable that you measure to see if anything has changed. You might also hear it referred to as the dependent variable.
It earns this name because its value depends on one or more other factors. To illustrate this, suppose you are examining how fertilizer affects plant growth. Here, the plant growth is the response variable because you observe it to see what changes occur as you alter the amount of fertilizer.
Knowing the response variable is crucial because it provides the data you need to make conclusions. Whether you are working in science, economics, or any other field, determining the response variable helps you focus on the results that matter most.
Independent Variable
The independent variable is the driving force behind any experimental study. Also known as the explanatory variable, it is the one you manipulate or change to observe its effect.
This variable is called 'independent' because it stands alone and isn't influenced by other variables in the experiment. For instance, if you are testing different recipes for baking cookies, the type of flour might be your independent variable. You change the flour type and then observe the results.
The independent variable is crucial because it allows researchers to create conditions to see how changes affect the outcome. Recognizing the independent variable will enable you to control and refine your experiments, ensuring you have a solid base to analyze cause and effect relationships.
Dependent Variable
The dependent variable is another name for the response variable. It is called 'dependent' because its value depends on the changes that occur in the independent variable.
In an experiment to find out whether the amount of sunlight affects plant growth, the plant growth would be the dependent variable. This growth 'depends' on the amount of sunlight, making it easy to understand why it gets this name.
Identifying the dependent variable is vital as it tells you what aspect or part of your experiment will provide the data. Whether conducting scientific research or performing statistical analysis, knowing your dependent variable ensures you measure and analyze the correct outcomes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Researchers wanted to determine the association between number of times one chews food and food consumption. They identified 45 individuals who were 18 to 45 years of age. First, the researchers determined a baseline for number of chews before swallowing food. Next, each participant attended three sessions to eat pizza for lunch until comfortably full by chewing each portion of food \(100 \%, 150 \%,\) and \(200 \%\) of their baseline number of chews before swallowing. Food intake for each of the three chewing treatments was then measured. It was found that food consumption was reduced significantly, by \(9.5 \%\) and \(14.8 \%,\) respectively, for the \(150 \%\) and \(200 \%\) number of chews compared to the baseline. (a) What is the research objective of the study? (b) What is the response variable in this study? Is it quantitative or qualitative? (c) What is the explanatory variable in this study? Is it quantitative or qualitative? (d) Who are the experimental units? (e) How is control used in this study? (f) Each individual chewed \(100 \%, 150 \%,\) and \(200 \%\) of their baseline number of chews before swallowing. This is referred to as a repeated-measures study since the same participants were exposed to each treatment. The order in which chewing took place ( \(100 \%\) versus \(150 \%\) versus \(200 \%\) ) was determined randomly. Explain why this is important.

In Problems 11-22, identify the type of sampling used. A pharmaceutical company wants to conduct a survey of 30 individuals who have high cholesterol. The company has obtained a list from doctors throughout the country of 6600 individuals who are known to have high cholesterol. Design a sampling method to obtain the individuals in the sample. Be sure to support your choice.

Researchers wanted to test the effectiveness of a new cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared with both an older behavioral treatment and a placebo therapy for treating insomnia. They identified 75 adults with insomnia. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Twenty-five patients were randomly assigned to receive CBT (sleep education, stimulus control, and time-in-bed restrictions), another 25 received muscle relaxation training \((\mathrm{RT}),\) and the final 25 received a placebo treatment. Treatment lasted 6 weeks, with follow-up conducted at 6 months. To measure the effectiveness of the treatment, researchers used wake time after sleep onset (WASO). CBT produced larger improvements than did RT or placebo treatment. For example, the CBT-treated patients achieved an average \(54 \%\) reduction in their WASO, whereas RT-treated and placebo-treated patients, respectively, achieved only \(16 \%\) and \(12 \%\) reductions in this measure. Results suggest that CBT treatment leads to significant sleep improvements within 6 weeks, and these improvements appear to endure through 6 months of follow-up. (a) What type of experimental design is this? (b) What is the population being studied? (c) What is the response variable in this study? (d) What are the treatments? (e) Identify the experimental units. (f) Draw a diagram similar to Figure 7,8 , or 10 to illustrate the design.

Why is a high response rate desired? How would a low response rate affect survey results?

Determine whether the study depicts an observational study or an experiment. Sixty patients with carpal tunnel syndrome are randomly divided into two groups. One group is treated weekly with both acupuncture and an exercise regimen. The other is treated weekly with the exact same exercise regimen, but no acupuncture. After 1 year, both groups are questioned about their level of pain due to carpal tunnel syndrome.
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