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Chapter 1: Q7. (page 49)
Explain how population and variables differ?
The main difference between population and variables is that variables explain the attribute of any population.
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Consumer recycling behavior. Under what conditions will consumers dispose of recyclable paper in the garbage? This was the question of interest in an article published in the Journal of Consumer Research (December, 2013). In one of the studies conducted, the researchers instructed 78 college students to cut an 8.5-脳11-inch sheet of paper into eight smaller pieces. Half the students were randomly assigned to list five uses for the cut paper (usefulness is salient condition). The students in the other half were asked to list their five favorite TV shows (control condition). After completing an unrelated task, all students were asked to dispose of the paper upon leaving. There was a trash bin and a recycling bin outside the door. The researchers kept track of which students recycled and which students disposed of their paper in the garbage. This information was used to test the theory that students in the usefulness is salient condition will recycle at a higher rate than students in the control condition.
a. Explain why the data-collection method used in this study is a designed experiment.
b. Identify the experimental unit in this study.
c. Identify the variables measured in this study. What data type (quantitative or qualitative) is produced from each variable? (Hint: Two variables are measured.)
d. About 68% of the students in the usefulness is recycled, compared to 37% of students in the control condition. Use this information to make an inference about the population of interest.
Drafting NFL quarterbacks. The National Football League (NFL) is a lucrative business, generating an annual revenue of about $8 million. One key to becoming a financially successful NFL team is drafting a good quarterback (QB) out of college. The NFL draft allows the worst-performing teams in the previous year the opportunity of selecting the best quarterbacks coming out of college. The Journal of Productivity Analysis (Vol. 35, 2011) published a study of how successful NFL teams are in drafting productive quarterbacks. Data were collected for all 331 quarterbacks drafted between 1970 and 2007. Several variables were measured for each QB, including draft position (one of the top 10 players picked, selection between picks 11 and 50, or selected after pick 50), NFL winning ratio (percentage of games won), and QB production score (higher scores indicate more productive QBs). The researchers discovered that draft position is only weakly related to a quarterback鈥檚 performance in the NFL. They concluded that 鈥渜uarterbacks taken higher [in the draft] do not appear to perform any better.鈥�
a. What is the experimental unit for this study?
b. Identify the type (quantitative or qualitative) of each variable measured.
c. Suppose you want to use this study to project the performance of future NFL QBs. Is this an application of descriptive or inferential statistics? Explain.
Random-digit dialing. To ascertain the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns, firms frequently conduct telephone interviews with consumers using random-digit dialing. With this approach, a random number generator mechanically creates the sample of phone numbers to be called. Each digit in the phone number is randomly selected from the possible digits 0, 1, 2, . . . , 9. Use the procedure to generate five seven-digit telephone numbers whose first three digits (area code) are 373.
Explain the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics.
Structurally deficient highway bridges. Refer to Exercise 1.29. The NBI data were analyzed and the results made available at the FHWA Web site (www.fhwa.dot.gov). Using the FHWA inspection ratings, each of the 608,272 highway bridges in the United States was categorized as structurally deficient, functionally obsolete, or safe. About 13.5% of the bridges were found to be structurally deficient, while 3.5% were functionally obsolete.
a. What is the variable of interest to the researchers?
b. Is the variable of part a quantitative or qualitative?
c. Is the data set analyzed a population or a sample? Explain.
d. How did the NBI obtain the data for the study?
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